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<strong>📄 Archived:</strong> 2025-08-31 13:29:26 UTC
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<strong>🔗 Source:</strong> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunscreen#Inactive_ingredients">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunscreen#Inactive_ingredients</a>
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timestamp: 1756646966123
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<h1>Sunscreen - Wikipedia</h1>
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<div class="noprint" id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div>
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<div class="mw-body-content" id="mw-content-text"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Skin product helping to prevent sunburn</div>
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<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">"Sunblock" redirects here. For the electronic music group, see <a href="/wiki/Sunblock_(band)" title="Sunblock (band)">Sunblock (band)</a>. For the Ball Park Music song, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sunscreen_(song)" title="Sunscreen (song)">Sunscreen (song)</a>.</div>
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<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Indoor_tanning_lotion" title="Indoor tanning lotion">indoor tanning lotion</a>, the suntan lotion which intensifies sun exposure.</div>
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<p class="mw-empty-elt">
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div>
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<table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2" style="background-color: lightblue">Sunscreen</th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Sunscreen_on_back_under_normal_and_UV_light.jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3000" data-file-width="4000" decoding="async" height="188" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sunscreen_on_back_under_normal_and_UV_light.jpg/250px-Sunscreen_on_back_under_normal_and_UV_light.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sunscreen_on_back_under_normal_and_UV_light.jpg/500px-Sunscreen_on_back_under_normal_and_UV_light.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sunscreen drawing on skin shown on a normal photo and on a UV-photo</div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Sun screen, sunblock, sunburn cream, sun cream, block out<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a class="extiw" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827658" title="d:Q827658">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p><b>Sunscreen</b>, also known as <b>sunblock</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>sun lotion</b> or <b>sun cream</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Photoprotection" title="Photoprotection">photoprotective</a> topical product for the <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> that helps protect against <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a> and prevent <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>. Sunscreens come as <a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">lotions</a>, sprays, gels, foams (such as an expanded foam lotion or whipped lotion<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), sticks, powders and other topical products. Sunscreens are common supplements to clothing, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses">sunglasses</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sunhat" title="Sunhat">sunhats</a> and special <a href="/wiki/Sun_protective_clothing" title="Sun protective clothing">sun protective clothing</a>, and other forms of photoprotection (such as <a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">umbrellas</a>).
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</p><p>Sunscreens may be classified according to the type of <a href="#Active_ingredients">active ingredient(s)</a> present in the formulation (<a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compounds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic molecules</a>) as:
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<ul><li>Mineral sunscreens (also referred to as physical sunscreens), which use only <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compounds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>) as active ingredients. These ingredients primarily work by absorbing UV rays but also through reflection and refraction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
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<li>Chemical sunscreens, which use organic molecules as active ingredients. These products are sometimes referred to as petrochemical sunscreens since the active organic molecules are synthesized starting from building blocks typically derived from petroleum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-researchgate.net_8-0"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical sunscreen ingredients also mainly work by absorbing the UV rays.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years, some organic UV absorbers have been heavily scrutinised to assess their toxicity<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few of them have been banned in places such as Hawaii<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_banned_sunscreen_ingredients_an_11-0"><a href="#cite_note-The_banned_sunscreen_ingredients_an-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Thailand<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for their impact on aquatic life and the environment.</li>
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<li>Hybrid sunscreens, which contain a combination of organic and inorganic UV filters.</li></ul>
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<p>Medical organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> recommend the use of sunscreen because it aids in the prevention of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinomas" title="Squamous cell carcinomas">squamous cell carcinomas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The routine use of sunscreens may also reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To effectively protect against all the potential damages of UV light, the use of broad-spectrum sunscreens (covering both <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet#Subtypes" title="Ultraviolet">UVA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet#Subtypes" title="Ultraviolet">UVB</a> radiation) has been recommended.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda2011_3-1"><a href="#cite_note-fda2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Malagasy_Woman_(26905387615).jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3631" data-file-width="4097" decoding="async" height="222" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Malagasy_Woman_%2826905387615%29.jpg/250px-Malagasy_Woman_%2826905387615%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Malagasy_Woman_%2826905387615%29.jpg/500px-Malagasy_Woman_%2826905387615%29.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/></a><figcaption><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy</a> woman from <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> wearing <a href="/wiki/Masonjoany" title="Masonjoany">masonjoany</a>, a traditional sunscreen whose use dates back to the 18th century</figcaption></figure>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Thanaka_girls.JPG"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1944" data-file-width="2592" decoding="async" height="188" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Thanaka_girls.JPG/250px-Thanaka_girls.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Thanaka_girls.JPG/500px-Thanaka_girls.JPG 1.5x" width="250"/></a><figcaption>Burmese girls wearing <i><a href="/wiki/Thanaka" title="Thanaka">thanaka</a></i> for sun protection and cosmetic purposes</figcaption></figure>
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<p>Early civilizations used a variety of plant products to help protect the skin from sun damage. For example, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> used olive oil for this purpose, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> used extracts of rice, jasmine, and lupine plants whose products are still used in skin care today.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sunscreen_Evolution_15-0"><a href="#cite_note-Sunscreen_Evolution-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zinc oxide paste has also been popular for skin protection for thousands of years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the nomadic sea-going <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau_people" title="Sama-Bajau people">Sama-Bajau people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, a common type of sun protection is a paste called <i><a href="/wiki/Borak_(cosmetic)" title="Borak (cosmetic)">borak</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Borak_(cosmetic)" title="Borak (cosmetic)">burak</a></i>, which was made from water weeds, rice, and spices; it is used most commonly by women to protect the face and exposed skin areas from the harsh tropical sun at sea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_17-0"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanaka" title="Thanaka">thanaka</a>, a yellow-white cosmetic paste made of ground bark, is traditionally used for sun protection. In <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, a ground wood paste called <a href="/wiki/Masonjoany" title="Masonjoany">masonjoany</a> has been worn for sun protection, as well as decoration and insect repellent, since the 18th century, and is ubiquitous in the Northwest coastal regions of the island to this day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>In 1820, Sir Everard Home, an English physician, conducted observational experiences that suggested there is something other than heat from the sun that causes sunburns. He also documented the protective effect of having dark skin on sun burns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_21-0"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The link between UV rays and skin burns was established experimentally by Erik Johan Widmark in 1889, which initiated research into substances capable of blocking or absorbing UV radiation for skin protection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_21-1"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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The first commercial sunscreen was under the names Zeozon for sunburn prophylaxis and Ultrazeozon against glacier burn from Kopp & Joseph produced with aesculin derivatives.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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Once Wilhelm Hausser and Wilhelm Vahle had determined the wavelength responsible for sunburn on the skin at 297 nm, all that remained was to find substances that absorb in this specific wavelength range.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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It was Emil Klarfeld who identified two substances Salicylicacidbenzylester and Benzylcinnamic acid ester that absorb in the requested range. He formulated a product with these two ingredients and the company Lehn & Fink launched the product under the Dorothy Gray brand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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Followed by the first sunscreen, invented in Australia by chemist H.A. Milton Blake, in 1932<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lim_2004_24-0"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formulating with the UV filter Tannic acid at a concentration of 10%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its protection was verified by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research into new products continued unabated in the 1930s. In Germany, the physicist Erich Merkel (1886-1974) and his colleague Christian Wiegand (1901-1978), a chemist, wanted to find out whether it was possible to form pigment on human skin through solar radiation without sunburn. They thought that a substance that absorbs between 320 nm and 290 nm should prevent the skin from reddening but allow the tanning rays to pass through. Merkel and Wiegand worked at IG Farben in the physics laboratory in Elberfeld. Merkel tested the first filter substances identified by Wiegand in practice. He climbed Corvatsch and the Jungfraujoch to do this. The experiments were encouraging. Now the researchers tested their further developments on female employees in the laboratory. They stuck jars of the substances on their backs, forearms, or thighs and measured the effect; novantisolic acid turned out to be the best candidate. The substance was patented as a sunscreen protection agent in Germany in 1933 and a year later in the United States. IG Farben founded a subsidiary, Drugofa, with the aim of launching a product with the active ingredient on the market under the name Delial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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In 1936, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/L%27Oreal" title="L'Oreal">L'Oreal</a> released its first sunscreen product, formulated by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schueller" title="Eugène Schueller">Eugène Schueller</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lim_2004_24-1"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>The US military was an early adopter of sunscreen. In 1944, as the hazards of sun overexposure became apparent to soldiers stationed in the Pacific tropics at the height of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lim_30-0"><a href="#cite_note-lim-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lim_2004_24-2"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin Green, an airman and later a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a>, produced Red Vet Pet (for Red Veterinary Petrolatum) for the US military. Sales boomed when <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Coppertone" title="Coppertone">Coppertone</a> improved and commercialized the substance under the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Coppertone_girl" title="Coppertone girl">Coppertone girl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bain_de_Soleil" title="Bain de Soleil">Bain de Soleil</a> branding in the early 1950s. In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> chemist Franz Greiter introduced a product, called <i>Gletscher Crème</i> (Glacier Cream), subsequently became the basis for the company Piz Buin, named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Piz_Buin" title="Piz Buin">the mountain</a> where Greiter allegedly received the sunburn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shaath_33-0"><a href="#cite_note-Shaath-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>In 1974, Greiter adapted earlier calculations from Friedrich Ellinger and Rudolf Schulze and introduced the "sun protection factor" (SPF), which has become the global standard for measuring UVB protection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lim_30-1"><a href="#cite_note-lim-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been estimated that <i>Gletscher Crème</i> had an SPF of 2.
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</p><p>Water-resistant sunscreens were introduced in 1977,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lim_2004_24-3"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recent development efforts have focused on overcoming later concerns by making sunscreen protection both longer-lasting and broader-spectrum (protection from both UVA & UVB rays), more environmentally friendly,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more appealing to use,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lim_30-2"><a href="#cite_note-lim-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and addressing the safety concerns of petrochemical sunscreens (i.e., FDA studies showing their systematic absorption into the bloodstream).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure" title="Health effects of sunlight exposure">Health effects of sunlight exposure</a></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p>Sunscreen use can help prevent <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SunM_39-0"><a href="#cite_note-SunM-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WCR2014_40-0"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinoma</a>, two types of <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SunS_42-0"><a href="#cite_note-SunS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little evidence that it is effective in preventing <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Basal_cell_carcinoma" title="Basal cell carcinoma">basal cell carcinoma</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>A 2013 study concluded that the diligent, everyday application of sunscreen could slow or temporarily prevent the development of wrinkles and sagging skin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wrinkles_44-0"><a href="#cite_note-wrinkles-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study involved 900 <a href="/wiki/Light_skin" title="Light skin">white</a> people in Australia and required some of them to apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen every day for four and a half years. It found that people who did so had noticeably more resilient and smoother skin than those assigned to continue their usual practices.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wrinkles_44-1"><a href="#cite_note-wrinkles-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study on 32 subjects showed that daily use of sunscreen (SPF 30) reversed <a href="/wiki/Photoaging" title="Photoaging">photoaging</a> of the skin within 12 weeks and the amelioration continued until the end of the investigation period of one year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunscreen is inherently anti-aging as the sun is the number-one cause of premature aging; it therefore may slow or temporarily prevent the development of wrinkles, dark spots and sagging skin.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Sunbum_sunscreen_spf_30.jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="4032" data-file-width="3024" decoding="async" height="253" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sunbum_sunscreen_spf_30.jpg/250px-Sunbum_sunscreen_spf_30.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sunbum_sunscreen_spf_30.jpg/330px-Sunbum_sunscreen_spf_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sunbum_sunscreen_spf_30.jpg/500px-Sunbum_sunscreen_spf_30.jpg 2x" width="190"/></a><figcaption>A tube of SPF 30 sunscreen on sale in the United States</figcaption></figure>
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||
<p>Minimizing UV damage is especially important for children and light-skinned individuals and those who have <a href="/wiki/Photosensitivity_in_humans" title="Photosensitivity in humans">sun sensitivity</a> for medical reasons, including medical use of retinoids.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risks">Risks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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||
<p>In February 2019, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) started classifying already approved UV filter molecules into three categories: those which are <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe_and_effective" title="Generally recognized as safe and effective">generally recognized as safe and effective</a> (GRASE), those which are non-GRASE due to safety issues, and those requiring further evaluation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, only zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are recognized as GRASE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two previously approved UV filters, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and trolamine salicylate, were banned in 2021 due to safety concerns. The remaining FDA-approved active ingredients were put in the third category as their manufacturers have yet to produce sufficient safety data — Pending further safety data, several FDA-approved active ingredients remain under evaluation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-researchgate.net_8-1"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers argue that the risk of sun-induced skin cancer outweighs concerns about toxicity and mutagenicity,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although environmentalists say this ignores "ample safer alternatives available on the market containing the active ingredient minerals zinc oxide or titanium dioxide", which are also safer for the environment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>Regulators can investigate and ban UV filters over safety concerns (such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Para-aminobenzoic_acid" title="Para-aminobenzoic acid">PABA</a>), which can result in withdrawal of products from the consumer market.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lim_30-3"><a href="#cite_note-lim-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulators such as the TGA and the FDA have also been concerned with recent reports of contamination in sunscreen products with known possible human carcinogens such as <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzophenone" title="Benzophenone">benzophenone</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent laboratory testing carried out by Valisure found benzene contamination in 27% of the sunscreens they tested, with some batches having up to triple the FDA's conditionally restricted limit of 2 parts per million (ppm).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in a voluntary recall by some major sunscreen brands that were implicated in the testing, as such, regulators also help publicise and coordinate these voluntary recalls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V.O.C.s (Volatile Organic Compounds) such as benzene, are particularly harmful in sunscreen formulations as many active and inactive ingredients can increase permeation across the skin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butane, which is used as a propellant in spray sunscreens, has been found to have benzene impurities from the refinement process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>There is a risk of an allergic reaction to sunscreen for some individuals, as "Typical allergic contact dermatitis may occur in individuals allergic to any of the ingredients that are found in sunscreen products or cosmetic preparations that have a sunscreen component. The rash can occur anywhere on the body where the substance has been applied and sometimes may spread to unexpected sites."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vitamin_D_production">Vitamin D production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vitamin D production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p>There are some concerns about potential <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency" title="Vitamin D deficiency">vitamin D deficiency</a> arising from prolonged use of sunscreen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical use of sunscreen does not usually result in vitamin D deficiency; however, extensive usage may.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunscreen prevents ultraviolet light from reaching the skin, and even moderate protection can substantially reduce vitamin D synthesis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, adequate amounts of vitamin D can be obtained via diet or supplements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vitamin D overdose is impossible from UV exposure due to an equilibrium the skin reaches in which vitamin D degrades as quickly as it is created.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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||
</p><p>High-SPF sunscreens filter out most UVB radiation, which triggers vitamin D production in the skin. However, clinical studies show that regular sunscreen use does not lead to vitamin D deficiency<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Even high-SPF sunscreens allow a small amount of UVB to reach the skin, sufficient for vitamin D synthesis. Additionally, brief, unprotected <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sun_exposure" title="Sun exposure">sun exposure</a> can produce ample vitamin D, but this exposure also risks significant DNA damage and skin cancer. To avoid these risks, vitamin D can be obtained safely through <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> and supplements. Foods like <a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">fatty fish</a>, fortified milk, and orange juice, along with supplements, provide necessary vitamin D without harmful sun exposure.
|
||
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>Studies have shown that sunscreen with a high UVA protection factor enabled significantly higher vitamin D synthesis than a low UVA protection factor sunscreen, likely because it allows more UVB transmission.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurements_of_protection">Measurements of protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Measurements of protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Sunburn_blisters.jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1600" decoding="async" height="188" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sunburn_blisters.jpg/250px-Sunburn_blisters.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sunburn_blisters.jpg/500px-Sunburn_blisters.jpg 1.5x" width="250"/></a><figcaption> Sunscreen helps prevent <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>, such as this, which has blistered.</figcaption></figure>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sun_protection_factor_and_labeling">Sun protection factor and labeling <span class="anchor" id="Sun_Protection_Factor"></span><span class="anchor" id="Sun_protection_factor"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sun protection factor and labeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:UV_and_Vis_Sunscreen.jpg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2652" data-file-width="3536" decoding="async" height="255" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/UV_and_Vis_Sunscreen.jpg/500px-UV_and_Vis_Sunscreen.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/UV_and_Vis_Sunscreen.jpg/960px-UV_and_Vis_Sunscreen.jpg 1.5x" width="340"/></a><figcaption> Two photographs showing the effect of applying sunscreens in visible light and in UVA. The photograph on the right was taken using <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">ultraviolet photography</a> shortly after application of sunscreen to half of the face.</figcaption></figure>
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<p>The sun protection factor (SPF rating, introduced in 1974) is a measure of the fraction of sunburn-producing UV rays that reach the skin. For example, "SPF 15" means that <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">15</span></span> of the burning radiation will reach the skin, assuming sunscreen is applied evenly at a thick <a href="#Dosage">dosage</a> of 2 milligrams per square centimeter<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (mg/cm<sup>2</sup>). It is important to note that sunscreens with higher SPF do not last or remain effective on the skin any longer than lower SPF and must be continually reapplied as directed, usually every two hours.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>The SPF is an imperfect measure of skin damage because invisible damage and skin malignant melanomas are also caused by <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" title="Ultraviolet A">ultraviolet A</a> (UVA, wavelengths 315–400 or 320–400 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>), which does not primarily cause reddening or pain. Conventional sunscreen blocks very little UVA radiation relative to the nominal SPF; broad-spectrum sunscreens are designed to protect against both UVB and UVA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2004 study, UVA also causes <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair#DNA_damage" title="DNA repair">DNA damage</a> to cells deep within the skin, increasing the risk of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Malignant_melanoma" title="Malignant melanoma">malignant melanomas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even some products labeled "broad-spectrum UVA/UVB protection" have not always provided good protection against UVA rays.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a> probably gives good protection but does not completely cover the UVA spectrum, with early 2000s research suggesting that zinc oxide is superior to titanium dioxide at wavelengths 340–380 nm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>Owing to consumer confusion over the real degree and duration of protection offered, labelling restrictions are enforced in several countries. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, sunscreen labels can only go up to SPF 50+ (initially listed as 30 but soon revised to 50).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a> increased the upper limit to 50+ in 2012.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its 2007 and 2011 draft rules, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) proposed a maximum SPF label of 50, to limit unrealistic claims.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-qa2007_82-0"><a href="#cite_note-qa2007-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda2011_3-2"><a href="#cite_note-fda2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (As of August 2019, the FDA has not adopted the SPF 50 limit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Others have proposed restricting the active ingredients to an SPF of no more than 50, due to lack of evidence that higher dosages provide more meaningful protection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-onpoint_85-0"><a href="#cite_note-onpoint-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different sunscreen ingredients have different effectiveness against UVA and UVB.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Erythemal_action_spectrum.svg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="272" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Erythemal_action_spectrum.svg/500px-Erythemal_action_spectrum.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Erythemal_action_spectrum.svg/510px-Erythemal_action_spectrum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Erythemal_action_spectrum.svg/680px-Erythemal_action_spectrum.svg.png 2x" width="340"/></a><figcaption> UV sunlight spectrum (on a summer day in the Netherlands), along with the CIE Erythemal action spectrum. The effective spectrum is the product of the former two.</figcaption></figure>
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<p>The SPF can be measured by applying sunscreen to the skin of a volunteer and measuring how long it takes before sunburn occurs when exposed to an artificial sunlight source. In the US, such an <i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i> test is required by the FDA. It can also be measured <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> with the help of a specially designed <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>. In this case, the actual <a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">transmittance</a> of the sunscreen is measured, along with the degradation of the product due to being exposed to sunlight. In this case, the transmittance of the sunscreen must be measured over all wavelengths in sunlight's UVB–UVA range (290–400 nm), along with a table of how effective various wavelengths are in causing sunburn (the <i>erythemal action spectrum</i>) and the standard intensity <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> of sunlight (see the figure). Such <i>in vitro</i> measurements agree very well with <i>in vivo</i> measurements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (September 2016)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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</p><p>Numerous methods have been devised for evaluation of UVA and UVB protection. The most-reliable spectrophotochemical methods eliminate the subjective nature of grading <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) is a similar scale developed for rating fabrics for <a href="/wiki/Sun_protective_clothing" title="Sun protective clothing">sun protective clothing</a>. According to recent testing by <i><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></i>, UPF ~30+ is typical for protective fabrics, while UPF ~20 is typical for standard summer fabrics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>Mathematically, the SPF (or the UPF) is calculated from measured data as:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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||
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-block"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SPF} ={\frac {\int A(\lambda )E(\lambda )d\lambda }{\int A(\lambda )E(\lambda )/\mathrm {MPF} (\lambda )\,d\lambda }},}" display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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||
<mo>/</mo>
|
||
</mrow>
|
||
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
|
||
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
|
||
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
|
||
<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
|
||
</mrow>
|
||
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
|
||
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
|
||
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
|
||
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
|
||
<mi>d</mi>
|
||
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
|
||
</mrow>
|
||
</mfrac>
|
||
</mrow>
|
||
<mo>,</mo>
|
||
</mstyle>
|
||
</mrow>
|
||
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {SPF} ={\frac {\int A(\lambda )E(\lambda )d\lambda }{\int A(\lambda )E(\lambda )/\mathrm {MPF} (\lambda )\,d\lambda }},}</annotation>
|
||
</semantics>
|
||
</math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {SPF} ={\frac {\int A(\lambda )E(\lambda )d\lambda }{\int A(\lambda )E(\lambda )/\mathrm {MPF} (\lambda )\,d\lambda }},}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2dfb29c03bcf677d377e1e6f4240729d1d1617c" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:33.144ex; height:6.843ex;"/></span>
|
||
</p><p>where <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle E(\lambda )}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
|
||
<semantics>
|
||
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
|
||
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
|
||
<mi>E</mi>
|
||
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
|
||
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
|
||
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
|
||
</mstyle>
|
||
</mrow>
|
||
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(\lambda )}</annotation>
|
||
</semantics>
|
||
</math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle E(\lambda )}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/507d75792d82786bd7725fb4d20239bb98e27fc3" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.94ex; height:2.843ex;"/></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar irradiance</a> spectrum, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle A(\lambda )}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
|
||
<semantics>
|
||
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
|
||
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
|
||
<mi>A</mi>
|
||
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
|
||
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
|
||
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
|
||
</mstyle>
|
||
</mrow>
|
||
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(\lambda )}</annotation>
|
||
</semantics>
|
||
</math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle A(\lambda )}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1978103e51981c78c095d25827e146707fc6fd24" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.908ex; height:2.843ex;"/></span> the erythemal action spectrum, and <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {MPF} (\lambda )}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
|
||
<semantics>
|
||
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
|
||
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
|
||
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
|
||
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
|
||
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
|
||
<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
|
||
</mrow>
|
||
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
|
||
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
|
||
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
|
||
</mstyle>
|
||
</mrow>
|
||
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {MPF} (\lambda )}</annotation>
|
||
</semantics>
|
||
</math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {MPF} (\lambda )}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81b34740fa74cd81fc94a596951947a9b9dec9e6" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.396ex; height:2.843ex;"/></span> the monochromatic protection factor, all functions of the wavelength <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
|
||
<semantics>
|
||
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
|
||
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
|
||
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
|
||
</mstyle>
|
||
</mrow>
|
||
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
|
||
</semantics>
|
||
</math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;"/></span>. The MPF is roughly the inverse of the transmittance at a given wavelength.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
|
||
</p><p>The combined SPF of two layers of sunscreen may be lower than the square of the single-layer SPF.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-squared_89-0"><a href="#cite_note-squared-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UVA_protection">UVA protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: UVA protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persistent_pigment_darkening">Persistent pigment darkening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Persistent pigment darkening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>The persistent pigment darkening (PPD) method is a method of measuring UVA protection, similar to the SPF method of measuring sunburn protection. Originally developed in Japan, it is the preferred method used by manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al" title="L'Oréal">L'Oréal</a>.
|
||
</p><p>Instead of measuring <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a>, the PPD method uses UVA radiation to cause a persistent darkening or tanning of the skin. Theoretically, a sunscreen with a PPD rating of 10 should allow a person 10 times as much UVA exposure as would be without protection. The PPD method is an <i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i> test like SPF. In addition, the European Cosmetic and Perfumery Association (<i>Colipa</i>) has introduced a method that, it is claimed, can measure this <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> and provide parity with the PPD method.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SPF_equivalence">SPF equivalence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: SPF equivalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:UVA_logo.svg"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="530" data-file-width="530" decoding="async" height="130" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UVA_logo.svg/250px-UVA_logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UVA_logo.svg/330px-UVA_logo.svg.png 2x" width="130"/></a><figcaption> The UVA seal used in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> </figcaption></figure>
|
||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:SPF15SunBlock.JPG"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="338" data-file-width="246" decoding="async" height="261" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/190px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG 1.5x" width="190"/></a><figcaption> A tube of SPF 15 sun lotion</figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p>As part of revised guidelines for sunscreens in the EU, there is a requirement to provide the consumer with a minimum level of UVA protection in relation to the SPF. This should be a UVA protection factor of at least 1/3 of the SPF to carry the UVA seal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1/3 threshold derives from the European Commission recommendation 2006/647/EC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Commission recommendation specifies that the UVA protection factor should be measured using the PPD method as modified by the French health agency <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_du_m%C3%A9dicament_et_des_produits_de_sant%C3%A9" title="Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé">AFSSAPS (now ANSM)</a> "or an equivalent degree of protection obtained with any in vitro method".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>A set of final US FDA rules effective from summer 2012 defines the phrase "broad spectrum" as providing UVA protection proportional to the UVB protection, using a standardized testing method.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda2011_3-3"><a href="#cite_note-fda2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Star_rating_system">Star rating system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Star rating system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>In the UK and Ireland, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Boots_(chemist)" title="Boots (chemist)">Boots</a> star rating system is a proprietary <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> method used to describe the ratio of UVA to UVB protection offered by sunscreen creams and sprays. Based on original work by Brian Diffey at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>, the Boots Company in Nottingham, UK, developed a method that has been widely adopted by companies marketing these products in the UK.
|
||
</p><p>One-star products provide the lowest ratio of UVA protection, five-star products the highest. The method was revised in light of the Colipa UVA PF test and the revised EU recommendations regarding UVA PF. The method still uses a <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Spectrophotometer" title="Spectrophotometer">spectrophotometer</a> to measure absorption of UVA versus UVB; the difference stems from a requirement to pre-irradiate samples (where this was not previously required) to give a better indication of UVA protection and photostability when the product is used. With the current methodology, the lowest rating is three stars, the highest being five stars.
|
||
</p><p>In August 2007, the FDA put out for consultation the proposal that a version of this protocol be used to inform users of American product of the protection that it gives against UVA;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-qa2007_82-1"><a href="#cite_note-qa2007-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was not adopted, for fear it would be too confusing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-onpoint_85-1"><a href="#cite_note-onpoint-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PA_system">PA system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: PA system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>Asian brands, particularly Japanese ones, tend to use The Protection Grade of UVA (PA) system to measure the UVA protection that a sunscreen provides. The PA system is based on the PPD reaction and is now widely adopted on the labels of sunscreens. According to the Japan Cosmetic Industry Association, PA+ corresponds to a UVA protection factor between two and four, PA++ between four and eight, and PA+++ more than eight. This system was revised in 2013 to include PA++++ which corresponds to a PPD rating of sixteen or above.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expiration_date">Expiration date</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Expiration date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>Some sunscreens include an <a href="/wiki/Expiration_date" title="Expiration date">expiration date</a>—a date indicating when they may become less effective.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Active_ingredients">Active ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Active ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>Sunscreen formulations contain UV absorbing compounds (the active ingredients) dissolved or dispersed in a mixture of other ingredients, such as water, oils, moisturizers, and antioxidants. The UV filters can be either:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic compounds</a> which absorb ultraviolet light.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some organic compounds (<a href="/wiki/Bisoctrizole" title="Bisoctrizole">bisoctrizole</a> and phenylene bis-diphenyltriazine) also partially reflect incident light.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pantelic_2023_96-0"><a href="#cite_note-Pantelic_2023-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are also referred to as "chemical" UV filters.</li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic compounds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>), which reflect, scatter, and absorb UV light.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-americanelements_97-0"><a href="#cite_note-americanelements-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are also referred to as "mineral" filters.</li></ul>
|
||
<p>The organic compounds used as UV filter are often <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromatic</a> molecules <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_system" title="Conjugated system">conjugated</a> with <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Carbonyl" title="Carbonyl">carbonyl</a> groups. This general structure allows the molecule to absorb high-energy ultraviolet rays and release the energy as lower-energy rays, thereby preventing the skin-damaging ultraviolet rays from reaching the skin. So, upon exposure to UV light, most of the ingredients (with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Avobenzone" title="Avobenzone">avobenzone</a>) do not undergo significant chemical change, allowing these ingredients to retain the UV-absorbing potency without significant <a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">photodegradation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CTFA1998_98-0"><a href="#cite_note-CTFA1998-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A chemical stabilizer is included in some sunscreens containing avobenzone to slow its breakdown. The stability of avobenzone can also be improved by <a href="/wiki/Bemotrizinol" title="Bemotrizinol">bemotrizinol</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Octocrylene" title="Octocrylene">octocrylene</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various other photostabilisers. Most organic compounds in sunscreens slowly degrade and become less effective over the course of several years even if stored properly, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">expiration dates</a> calculated for the product.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>Sunscreening agents are used in some hair care products such as shampoos, conditioners and styling agents to protect against protein degradation and color loss. Currently, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Benzophenone-4" title="Benzophenone-4">benzophenone-4</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Ethylhexyl_methoxycinnamate" title="Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate">ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate</a> are the two sunscreens most commonly used in hair products. The common sunscreens used on skin are rarely used for hair products due to their texture and weight effects.
|
||
</p><p>UV filters need usually to be approved by local agencies (such as the FDA in the United States) to be used in sunscreen formulations. As of 2023, 29 compounds are approved in the European Union and 17 in the USA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pantelic_2023_96-1"><a href="#cite_note-Pantelic_2023-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No new UV filters have been approved by the FDA for use in cosmetics since 1999.
|
||
</p><p>The following are the FDA allowable active ingredients in sunscreens:
|
||
</p><p><span class="anchor" id="table"></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<table class="wikitable">
|
||
<tbody><tr>
|
||
<th>UV-filter
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>Other names
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>Maximum concentration
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>Known permitting jurisdictions
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>Results of safety testing
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>UVA
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>UVB
|
||
</th></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/P-Aminobenzoic_acid" title="P-Aminobenzoic acid">p-Aminobenzoic acid</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>PABA
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>15% (USA), (EU: banned from sale to consumers from 8 October 2009)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>USA
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Padimate_O" title="Padimate O">Padimate O</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>OD-PABA, octyldimethyl-PABA, σ-PABA
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>8% (USA, AUS) 10% (JP)
|
||
<p>(Not currently supported in EU and may be delisted)
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Phenylbenzimidazole_sulfonic_acid" title="Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid">Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Ensulizole, PBSA
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>4% (USA, AUS) 8% (EU) 3% (JP)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Cinoxate" title="Cinoxate">Cinoxate</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>2-Ethoxyethyl p-methoxycinnamate
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>3% (USA) 6% (AUS)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>USA, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Dioxybenzone" title="Dioxybenzone">Dioxybenzone</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Benzophenone-8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>3% (USA)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>USA, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Oxybenzone" title="Oxybenzone">Oxybenzone</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Benzophenone-3
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>6% (USA), 2.2% (body) / 6% (face) EU,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10% AUS,
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Banned in Hawaii since 2018<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_banned_sunscreen_ingredients_an_11-1"><a href="#cite_note-The_banned_sunscreen_ingredients_an-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - "harmful to coral reefs, fish, and other ocean life"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Homosalate" title="Homosalate">Homosalate</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Homomethyl salicylate
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>7.34% (EU) 15% (USA, AUS)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Menthyl_anthranilate" title="Menthyl anthranilate">Menthyl anthranilate</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Meradimate
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>5% (USA)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>USA, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Octocrylene" title="Octocrylene">Octocrylene</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Eusolex OCR, Parsol 340, 2-Cyano-3,3-diphenyl acrylic acid, 2-ethylhexylester
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>10% (USA)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Octinoxate" title="Octinoxate">Octinoxate</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Octyl-methoxycinnamate, Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 2-Ethylhexyl-paramethoxycinnamate
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>7.5% (USA) 10% (EU, AUS) 20% (JP)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Banned in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> since 2021 - harmful to <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_104-0"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Octyl_salicylate" title="Octyl salicylate">Octyl salicylate</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Octisalate, 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>5% (EU, USA, AUS) 10% (JP)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Sulisobenzone" title="Sulisobenzone">Sulisobenzone</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid, 3-Benzoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid, Benzophenone-4
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>5% (EU) 10% (USA, AUS, JP)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Avobenzone" title="Avobenzone">Avobenzone</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-tert-butyl<br/>phenyl)propane-1,3-dione, Butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane,
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>3% (USA) 5% (EU, AUS)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Ecamsule" title="Ecamsule">Ecamsule</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Terephthalylidene Dicamphor Sulfonic Acid
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>10%
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, AUS (US: approved in certain formulations up to 3% via New Drug Application (NDA) Route)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>CI77891, TiO₂
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>25% (US) No limit (JP)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe_and_effective" title="Generally recognized as safe and effective">Generally recognized as safe and effective</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research_2022_105-0"><a href="#cite_note-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research_2022-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>CI77947, ZnO
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>25% (US) No limit (AUS, JP)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, USA, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe_and_effective" title="Generally recognized as safe and effective">Generally recognized as safe and effective</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research_2022_105-1"><a href="#cite_note-Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research_2022-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protects against skin tumors in mice<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_106-0"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<p>Zinc oxide was approved as a UV filter by the EU in 2016.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>Other ingredients approved within the EU<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-euregulation_108-0"><a href="#cite_note-euregulation-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other parts of the world,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that have not been included in the current FDA Monograph:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<table class="wikitable">
|
||
<tbody><tr>
|
||
<th>UV-filter
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>Other names
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>Maximum concentration
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>Permitted in
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>Results of safety testing
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>UVA
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th>UVB
|
||
</th></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/4-Methylbenzylidene_camphor" title="4-Methylbenzylidene camphor">4-Methylbenzylidene camphor</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Enzacamene, MBC
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>4%<sup>*</sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Bisoctrizole" title="Bisoctrizole">Bisoctrizole</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Methylene Bis-Benzotriazolyl Tetramethylbutylphenol, MBBT
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>10%<sup>*</sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Bemotrizinol" title="Bemotrizinol">Bemotrizinol</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenol triazine, BEMT, anisotriazine
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>10% (EU, AUS) 3% (JP)<sup>*</sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Tris-biphenyl_triazine" title="Tris-biphenyl triazine">Tris-biphenyl triazine</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>10%
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Trolamine_salicylate" title="Trolamine salicylate">Trolamine salicylate</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Triethanolamine salicylate
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>12%
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Drometrizole_trisiloxane" title="Drometrizole trisiloxane">Drometrizole trisiloxane</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>15%
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Benzophenone-n" title="Benzophenone-n">Benzophenone-9</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>CAS 3121-60-6, Sodium Dihydroxy Dimethoxy Disulfobenzophenone <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>10%
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Ethylhexyl_triazone" title="Ethylhexyl triazone">Ethylhexyl triazone</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>octyl triazone, EHT
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>5% (EU, AUS) 3% (JP)<sup>*</sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Diethylamino_hydroxybenzoyl_hexyl_benzoate" title="Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate">Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Parsol DHHB, Uvinul A Plus b
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>10%
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Iscotrizinol" title="Iscotrizinol">Iscotrizinol</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>diethylhexyl butamido triazone, DBT
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>10% (EU) 5% (JP)<sup>*</sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Polysilicone-15" title="Polysilicone-15">Polysilicone-15</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Dimethico-diethylbenzalmalonate
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>10%
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, AUS, JP
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Amiloxate" title="Amiloxate">Amiloxate</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>Isopentyl-4-methoxycinnamate, Isoamyl p-Methoxycinnamate, IMC
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>10%<sup>*</sup>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU, AUS
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><a href="/wiki/Methoxypropylamino_cyclohexenylidene_ethoxyethylcyanoacetate" title="Methoxypropylamino cyclohexenylidene ethoxyethylcyanoacetate">Methoxypropylamino cyclohexenylidene ethoxyethylcyanoacetate</a>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>3%
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>EU
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>X
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<p><sup>*</sup> Time and Extent Application (TEA), Proposed Rule on FDA approval originally expected 2009, now expected 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Still no news from FDA about approval in 2023 (October 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>
|
||
</p><p>Many of the ingredients awaiting approval by the FDA are relatively new, and developed to absorb UVA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2014 <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen_Innovation_Act" title="Sunscreen Innovation Act">Sunscreen Innovation Act</a> was passed to accelerate the FDA approval process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inactive_ingredients">Inactive ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Inactive ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>It is known that SPF is affected by not only the choice of active ingredients and the percentage of active ingredients but also the formulation of the vehicle/base. Final SPF is also impacted by the distribution of active ingredients in the sunscreen, how evenly the sunscreen applies on the skin, how well it dries down on the skin and the pH value of the product among other factors. Changing any inactive ingredient may potentially alter a sunscreen's SPF.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>When combined with UV filters, added <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> can work synergistically to affect the overall SPF value positively. Furthermore, adding antioxidants to sunscreen can amplify its ability to reduce markers of extrinsic photoaging, grant better protection from <a href="/wiki/Liver_spot" title="Liver spot">UV induced pigment formation</a>, mitigate skin <a href="/wiki/Lipid_peroxidation" title="Lipid peroxidation">lipid peroxidation</a>, improve the photostability of the active ingredients, neutralize reactive oxygen species formed by irradiated photocatalysts <i>(e.g., uncoated TiO₂)</i> and aid in DNA repair post-UVB damage, thus enhancing the efficiency and safety of sunscreens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wu_2011_116-0"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_2011-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sunscreens_Containing_Cyclodextrin_117-0"><a href="#cite_note-Sunscreens_Containing_Cyclodextrin-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Darr_1996_118-0"><a href="#cite_note-Darr_1996-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared with sunscreen alone, it has been shown that the addition of antioxidants has the potential to suppress <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">ROS</a> formation by an additional 1.7-fold for SPF 4 sunscreens and 2.4-fold for SPF 15-to-SPF 50 sunscreens, but the efficacy depends on how well the sunscreen in question has been formulated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lim_S91–S99_120-0"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_S91–S99-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Osmolyte" title="Osmolyte">osmolytes</a> are also incorporated into commercially available sunscreens in addition to antioxidants since they also aid in protecting the skin from the detrimental effects of UVR.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rai_2012_121-0"><a href="#cite_note-Rai_2012-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the osmolyte taurine, which has demonstrated the ability to protects against UVB-radiation induced immunosuppression<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the osmolyte ectoine, which aids in counteracting cellular accelerated aging & UVA-radiation induced premature photoaging.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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||
</p><p>Other inactive ingredients can also assist in photostabilizing unstable UV filters. <a href="/wiki/Cyclodextrin" title="Cyclodextrin">Cyclodextrins</a> have demonstrated the ability to reduce photodecomposition, protect antioxidants and limit skin penetration past the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">uppermost skin layers</a>, allowing them to longer maintain the protection factor of sunscreens with UV filters that are highly unstable and/or easily permeate to the lower layers of the skin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sunscreens_Containing_Cyclodextrin_117-1"><a href="#cite_note-Sunscreens_Containing_Cyclodextrin-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Film-forming_agent" title="Film-forming agent">film-forming polymers</a> like polyester-8 and polycryleneS1 have the ability to protect the efficacy of older petrochemical UV filters by preventing them from destabilizing due to extended light exposure. These kinds of ingredients also increase the water resistance of sunscreen formulations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p><br/>
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In the 2010s and 2020s, there has been increasing interest in sunscreens that protect the wearer from the sun's <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/High-energy_visible_light" title="High-energy visible light">high-energy visible light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared light</a> as well as ultraviolet light. This is due to newer research revealing <a href="/wiki/Spectral_color#Table_of_spectral_or_near-spectral_colors" title="Spectral color">blue & violet visible light</a> and certain wavelengths of infrared light <i>(e.g., <a href="/wiki/Infrared#Commonly_used_sub-division_scheme" title="Infrared">NIR, IR-A</a>)</i> work synergistically with UV light in contributing to oxidative stress, free radical generation, dermal cellular damage, suppressed skin healing, decreased immunity, erythema, inflammation, dryness, and several aesthetic concerns, such as: wrinkle formation, loss of skin elasticity and dyspigmentation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Souza_2017_81–89_130-0"><a href="#cite_note-Souza_2017_81–89-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Piras_2018_132-0"><a href="#cite_note-Piras_2018-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Conselho_Regional_de_Química_-_IV_Região_2017_134-0"><a href="#cite_note-Conselho_Regional_de_Química_-_IV_Região_2017-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly, a number of commercial sunscreens are being produced that have manufacturer claims regarding skin protection from blue light, infrared light and even air pollution.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Conselho_Regional_de_Química_-_IV_Região_2017_134-1"><a href="#cite_note-Conselho_Regional_de_Química_-_IV_Região_2017-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of 2021 there are no regulatory guidelines or mandatory testing protocols that govern these claims.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lim_S91–S99_120-1"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_S91–S99-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the American FDA has only recognized protection from sunburn <i>(via UVB protection)</i> and protection from skin cancer <i>(via SPF 15+ with some UVA protection)</i> as drug/medicinal sunscreen claims, so they do not have regulatory authority over sunscreen claims regarding protecting the skin from damage from these other environmental stressors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since sunscreen claims not related to protection from ultraviolet light are treated as <a href="/wiki/Cosmeceutical" title="Cosmeceutical">cosmeceutical</a> claims rather than drug/medicinal claims, the innovative technologies and additive ingredients used to allegedly reduce the damage from these other environmental stressors may vary widely from brand to brand.
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||
</p><p>Some studies show that mineral sunscreens primarily made with substantially large particles <i>(i.e., neither nano nor micronized)</i> may help protect from visible and infrared light to some degree,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Conselho_Regional_de_Química_-_IV_Região_2017_134-2"><a href="#cite_note-Conselho_Regional_de_Química_-_IV_Região_2017-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lim_S91–S99_120-2"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_S91–S99-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these sunscreens are often unacceptable to consumers due to leaving an obligatory opaque white cast on the skin. Further research has shown that sunscreens with added <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide pigments</a> and/or pigmentary titanium dioxide can provide the wearer with a substantial amount of HEVL protection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lim_S91–S99_120-3"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_S91–S99-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosmetic chemists have found that other <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Cosmetic-grade" title="Cosmetic-grade">cosmetic-grade</a> pigments can be functional filler ingredients. <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">Mica</a> was discovered to have significant synergistic effects with UVR filters when formulated in sunscreens, in that it can notably increase the formula's ability to protect the wearer from HEVL.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Piras_2018_132-1"><a href="#cite_note-Piras_2018-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>There is a growing amount of research demonstrating that adding various vitamer antioxidants <i>(eg; <a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinol</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Gamma-Tocopherol" title="Gamma-Tocopherol">alpha tocopherol, gamma tocopherol</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Tocopheryl_acetate" title="Tocopheryl acetate">tocopheryl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">ascorbic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamer#List_of_vitamins_with_some_of_their_active_forms" title="Vitamer">ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate, ascorbyl palmitate, sodium ascorbyl phosphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10" title="Coenzyme Q10">ubiquinone</a>)</i> and/or a mixture of certain botanical antioxidants <i>(eg; <a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">epigallocatechin-3-gallate</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" title="Beta-Carotene">b-carotene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">vitis vinifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum" title="Silybum marianum">silymarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">spirulina extract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">chamomile extract</a> and possibly others)</i> to sunscreens efficaciously aids in reducing damage from the free radicals produced by exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, visible light, near infrared radiation and infrared-a radiation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wu_2011_116-1"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_2011-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Souza_2017_81–89_130-1"><a href="#cite_note-Souza_2017_81–89-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lim_S91–S99_120-4"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_S91–S99-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Darr_1996_118-1"><a href="#cite_note-Darr_1996-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rai_2012_121-1"><a href="#cite_note-Rai_2012-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since sunscreen's active ingredients work preventatively by creating a shielding film on the skin that absorbs, scatters, and reflects light before it can reach the skin, UV filters have been deemed an ideal “first line of defense” against sun damage when exposure can't be avoided. Antioxidants have been deemed a good “second line of defense” since they work responsively by decreasing the overall burden of free radicals that do reach the skin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Piras_2018_132-2"><a href="#cite_note-Piras_2018-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree of the free radical protection from the entire solar spectral range that a sunscreen can offer has been termed the "radical protection factor" (RPF) by some researchers.
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</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p>SPF 30 or above must be used to effectively prevent UV rays from damaging skin cells. This is the amount that is recommended to prevent against skin cancer. Sunscreen must also be applied thoroughly and re-applied during the day, especially after being in the water. Special attention should be paid to areas like the ears and nose, which are common spots of skin cancer. Dermatologists may be able to advise about what sunscreen is best to use for specific skin types.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>The dose used in FDA sunscreen testing is 2 mg/cm<sup>2</sup> of exposed skin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CTFA1998_98-1"><a href="#cite_note-CTFA1998-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If one assumes an "average" adult build of height 5 ft 4 in (163 cm) and weight 150 lb (68 kg) with a 32-inch (82-cm) waist, that adult wearing a bathing suit covering the groin area should apply approximately 30 g (or 30 ml, approximately 1 oz) evenly to the uncovered body area. This can be more easily thought of as a "golf ball" size amount of product per body, or at least six teaspoonfuls. Larger or smaller individuals should scale these quantities accordingly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering only the face, this translates to about 1/4 to 1/3 of a teaspoon for the average adult face.
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</p><p>Some studies have shown that people commonly apply only 1/4 to 1/2 of the amount recommended for achieving the rated sun protection factor (SPF), and in consequence the effective SPF should be downgraded to a 4th root or a square root of the advertised value, respectively.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-squared_89-1"><a href="#cite_note-squared-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later study found a significant exponential relation between SPF and the amount of sunscreen applied, and the results are closer to linearity than expected by theory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DOI10.1111/j.1600-0781.2009.00408.x_144-0"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1111/j.1600-0781.2009.00408.x-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>Claims that substances in pill form can act as sunscreen are false and disallowed in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg"><img alt="[icon]" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="31" data-file-width="44" decoding="async" height="14" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" width="20"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palau">Palau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Palau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p>On 1 January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> banned the manufacturing and selling of sun cream products containing any of the following ingredients: <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Benzophenone-3" title="Benzophenone-3">benzophenone-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octyl_methoxycinnamate" title="Octyl methoxycinnamate">octyl methoxycinnamate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octocrylene" title="Octocrylene">octocrylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzacamene" title="Enzacamene">4-methyl-benzylidene camphor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triclosan" title="Triclosan">triclosan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylparaben" title="Methylparaben">methylparaben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylparaben" title="Ethylparaben">ethylparaben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butylparaben" title="Butylparaben">butylparaben</a>, <a class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Benzyl_paraben&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Benzyl paraben (page does not exist)">benzyl paraben</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenoxyethanol" title="Phenoxyethanol">phenoxyethanol</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was taken to protect the local coral reef and sea life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC_News_147-0"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those compounds are known or suspected to be harmful to coral or other sea life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC_News_147-1"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p>Sunscreen labeling standards have been evolving in the United States since the FDA first adopted the SPF calculation in 1978.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDA issued a comprehensive set of rules in June 2011, taking effect in 2012–2013, designed to help consumers identify and select suitable sunscreen products offering protection from sunburn, early skin aging, and skin cancer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda20112_149-0"><a href="#cite_note-fda20112-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-151"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike other countries, the United States classifies sunscreen as an over-the-counter drug rather than a cosmetic product. As FDA approval of a new drug is typically far slower than for a cosmetic, the result is fewer ingredients available for sunscreen formulations in the US compared with many other countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-153"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>In 2019, the FDA proposed tighter regulations on sun protection and general safety, including the requirement that sunscreen products with SPF greater than 15 must be broad spectrum, and imposing a prohibition on products with SPF greater than 60.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p>
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<ul><li>To be classified as "broad spectrum", sunscreen products must provide protection against both <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/UVB" title="UVB">UVB</a>, with specific tests required for both.</li>
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<li>Claims of products being "<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Waterproof" title="Waterproof">waterproof</a>" or "sweatproof" are prohibited, while the terms "sunblock" and "instant protection" and "protection for more than 2 hours" are all prohibited without specific FDA approval.</li>
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<li>"Water resistance" claims on the front label must indicate how long the sunscreen remains effective and specify whether this applies to swimming or sweating, based on standard testing.</li>
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<li>Sunscreens must include standardized "Drug Facts" information on the container. However, there is no regulation that deems it necessary to mention whether the contents contain <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Nanoparticles" title="Nanoparticles">nanoparticles</a> of mineral ingredients. Furthermore, US products do not require the expiration date of products to be displayed on the label.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_2019_155-0"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_2019-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
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<p>In 2021, the FDA introduced an additional administrative order regarding the safety classification of cosmetic UV filters, to categorize a given ingredient as either:
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</p>
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<ul><li>Generally recognized as safe and effective (<a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe_and_effective" title="Generally recognized as safe and effective">GRASE</a>)</li>
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<li>Not GRASE due to safety issues</li>
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<li>Not GRASE because additional safety data are needed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pantelic_2023_96-2"><a href="#cite_note-Pantelic_2023-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:13_156-0"><a href="#cite_note-:13-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
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<p>To be considered a GRASE active ingredient, the FDA requires it to have undergone both non-clinical animal studies as well as human clinical studies. The animal studies evaluate the potential for inducing carcinogenesis, genetic or reproductive harm, and any toxic effects of the ingredient once absorbed and distributed in the body. The human trials expand upon the animal trials, providing additional information on safety in the pediatric population, protection against UVA and UVB, and the potential for skin reactions after application. Two previously approved UV filters, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and trolamine salicylate, were reclassified as <i>not GRASE</i> due to safety concerns and have consequently been removed from the market.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pantelic_2023_96-3"><a href="#cite_note-Pantelic_2023-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p>In Europe, sunscreens are considered a cosmetic product rather than an over-the-counter drug. These products are regulated by the Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, which was created in July 2013.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_2019_155-1"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_2019-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recommendations for formulating sunscreen products are guided by the Scientific Community on Consumer Safety (SCCS).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-0"><a href="#cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulation of cosmetic products in Europe requires the producer to follow six domains when formulating their product:
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||
</p><p>I. Cosmetic safety report must be conducted by a qualified personnel
|
||
</p><p>II. The product must not contain substances banned for cosmetic products
|
||
</p><p>III. The product must not contain substances restricted for cosmetic products
|
||
</p><p>IV. The product must adhere to the approved list of colourants for cosmetic products.
|
||
</p><p>V. The product must adhere to the approved list of preservatives for cosmetic products.
|
||
</p><p>VI. The product must contain UV filters approved in Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-1"><a href="#cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>According to the EC, sunscreens at a minimum must exhibit:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<ol><li>A SPF of 6</li>
|
||
<li>UVA/UVB ratio ≥ 1/3</li>
|
||
<li>The critical wavelength is at least 370 nanometers (indicating that it is "broad-spectrum").</li>
|
||
<li>Instructions for using and precautions.</li>
|
||
<li>Evidence the sunscreen meets UVA and SPF requirements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-2"><a href="#cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
|
||
<li>Labels of European sunscreens must disclose the use of nanoparticles in addition to the shelf life of the product.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_2019_155-2"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_2019-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>Regulation of sunscreen is dependent on the ingredient used; It is then classified and follows the regulations for either natural health products or drug product. Companies must complete a product licensing application prior to introducing their sunscreen on the market.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-3"><a href="#cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASEAN_(Brunei,_Cambodia,_Indonesia,_Laos,_Malaysia,_Myanmar,_the_Philippines,_Singapore,_Thailand,_Vietnam)"><span id="ASEAN_.28Brunei.2C_Cambodia.2C_Indonesia.2C_Laos.2C_Malaysia.2C_Myanmar.2C_the_Philippines.2C_Singapore.2C_Thailand.2C_Vietnam.29"></span>ASEAN (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: ASEAN (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>The regulation of sunscreen for ASEAN countries closely follows European regulations. However, products are regulated by the ASEAN scientific community rather than the SCCS. Additionally, there are minor differences in the allowed phrasing printed on sunscreen packages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-4"><a href="#cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>Sunscreen is considered a cosmetic product, and is regulated under the Japan Cosmetic Industry Association (JCIA). Products are regulated mostly for the type of UV filter and SPF. SPF may range from 2 to 50.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-5"><a href="#cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>Sunscreen is regulated as cosmetic product under the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA). The list of approved filters is the same as it is in Europe. However, sunscreen in China requires safety testing in animal studies prior to approval.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-6"><a href="#cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>Sunscreens are divided into therapeutic and cosmetic sunscreens. Therapeutic sunscreens are classified into primary sunscreens (SPF ≥ 4) and secondary sunscreens (SPF < 4). Therapeutic sunscreens are regulated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Cosmetic sunscreens are products that contain a sunscreen ingredient, but do not protect from the sun. These products are regulated by the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-7"><a href="#cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>Sunscreen is classified as a cosmetic product, and closely follows EU regulations. However, New Zealand has a more extensive list of approved UV filters than Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-8"><a href="#cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercosur">Mercosur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mercosur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> is an international group consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Regulation of sunscreen as a cosmetic product began in 2012, and is similar in structure to the European regulations. Sunscreens must meet specific standards including water resistance, sun protection factor, and a UVA/UVB ratio of 1/3. The list of approved sunscreen ingredients is greater than in Europe or the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-9"><a href="#cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Environmental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>Some sunscreen active ingredients have been shown to cause toxicity towards marine life and coral, resulting in bans in different states, countries and ecological areas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Downs_2016_159-0"><a href="#cite_note-Downs_2016-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coral reefs, comprising organisms in delicate ecological balances, are vulnerable to even minor environmental disturbances. Factors like temperature changes, invasive species, pollution, and detrimental fishing practices have previously been highlighted as threats to coral health.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-160"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>In 2018, Hawaii passed legislation that prohibits the sale of sunscreens containing <a href="/wiki/Oxybenzone" title="Oxybenzone">oxybenzone</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Octinoxate" title="Octinoxate">octinoxate</a>. In sufficient concentrations, oxybenzone and octinoxate can damage coral DNA, induce deformities in coral <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Downs_2016_159-1"><a href="#cite_note-Downs_2016-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> heighten the risk of viral infections, and make corals more vulnerable to bleaching. Such threats are even more concerning given that coral ecosystems are already compromised by climate change, pollution, and other environmental stressors. While there is ongoing debate regarding the real-world concentrations of these chemicals versus laboratory settings,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an assessment in Kahaluu Bay in Hawaii showed oxybenzone concentrations to be 262 times higher than what the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency designates as high-risk. Another study in Hanauma Bay found levels of the chemical ranging from 30 ng/L to 27,880 ng/L, noting that concentrations beyond 63 ng/L could induce toxicity in corals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>Echoing Hawaii's initiative, other regions including Key West, Florida,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Virgin Islands,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonaire, and Palau<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have also instituted bans on sunscreens containing oxybenzone and octinoxate.
|
||
</p><p>The environmental implications of sunscreen usage on marine ecosystems are multi-faceted and vary in severity. In a 2015 study, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, when introduced to water and subjected to ultraviolet light, were shown to amplify the production of hydrogen peroxide, a compound known to damage phytoplankton.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-San2014_170-0"><a href="#cite_note-San2014-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, research indicated that sunscreens might escalate virus abundance in seawater, compromising the marine environment in a manner akin to other pollutants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further probing the matter, a 2008 investigation examining a variety of sunscreen brands, protective factors, and concentrations revealed unanimous bleaching effects on hard corals. Alarmingly, the degree of bleaching magnified with increasing sunscreen quantities. When assessing individual compounds prevalent in sunscreens, substances such as butylparaben, ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3, and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor induced complete coral bleaching at even minimal concentrations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>A 2020 study from the journal <i>Current Dermatology Report</i> summarized the situation as the US FDA currently approving only zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) as safe ultraviolet filters, and for those concerned with coral bleaching, they should use non-nano ZnO or TiO<sub>2</sub> since they have the most consistent safety data.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_development">Research and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Research and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<p>New products are in development such as sunscreens based on <a href="/wiki/Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">bioadhesive</a> nanoparticles. These function by encapsulating commercially used UV filters, while being not only adherent to the skin but also non-penetrant. This strategy inhibits primary UV-induced damage as well as secondary free radicals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-174"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UV filters based on <a href="/wiki/Sinapinic_acid" title="Sinapinic acid">sinapate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> are also under study.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunscreens with natural and sustainable connotations are increasingly being developed, as a result of increased environmental concern.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
|
||
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
|
||
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunblock and sunscreen are often used as synonyms. However, the term "sunblock" is controversial and banned in the EU<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and USA<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fda2011_3-0"><a href="#cite_note-fda2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it might lead consumers to overestimate the effectiveness of products so labeled.</span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol></div></div>
|
||
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
|
||
<link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><div class="reflist">
|
||
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
|
||
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522113412/http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=3007" rel="nofollow">"Preventing melanoma"</a>. Cancer Research UK. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=3007" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on May 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+melanoma&rft.pub=Cancer+Research+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerhelp.org.uk%2Fhelp%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D3007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFModdaresi2017">Moddaresi, Mojgan (October 20, 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ulprospector.com/knowledge/7288/pcc-eu-spf-regulations-labelling-and-claims/" rel="nofollow">"EU SPF Regulations: Labelling and claims"</a>. <i>Prospector Knowledge Center</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prospector+Knowledge+Center&rft.atitle=EU+SPF+Regulations%3A+Labelling+and+claims&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Moddaresi&rft.aufirst=Mojgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulprospector.com%2Fknowledge%2F7288%2Fpcc-eu-spf-regulations-labelling-and-claims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></link></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-fda2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fda2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda2011_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fda2011_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423132658/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/ucm258468.htm" rel="nofollow">"Questions and Answers: FDA announces new requirements for over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen products marketed in the U.S."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></i>. June 23, 2011. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/ucm258468.htm" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on April 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Questions+and+Answers%3A+FDA+announces+new+requirements+for+over-the-counter+%28OTC%29+sunscreen+products+marketed+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FDrugs%2FResourcesForYou%2FConsumers%2FBuyingUsingMedicineSafely%2FUnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines%2Fucm258468.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></link></span>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/3023702/summary.html?query=whipped%2C+carpenter&type=basic_search" rel="nofollow">"WHIPPED FORMULATIONS WITH DESIRED SENSORY IMPACT"</a>. <i>Canada Patent Data Base</i>. July 8, 2022. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708152847/https://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/3023702/summary.html?query=whipped,+carpenter&type=basic_search" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+Patent+Data+Base&rft.atitle=WHIPPED+FORMULATIONS+WITH+DESIRED+SENSORY+IMPACT&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ic.gc.ca%2Fopic-cipo%2Fcpd%2Feng%2Fpatent%2F3023702%2Fsummary.html%3Fquery%3Dwhipped%252C%2Bcarpenter%26type%3Dbasic_search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></link></span>
|
||
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFColeShyrOu-Yang2015">Cole, Curtis; Shyr, Thomas; Ou-Yang, Hao (October 2, 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphpp.12214" rel="nofollow">"Metal oxide sunscreens protect skin by absorption, not by reflection or scattering"</a>. <i>Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>10. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphpp.12214" rel="nofollow">10.1111/phpp.12214</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0905-4383" rel="nofollow">0905-4383</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26431814" rel="nofollow">26431814</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20695063" rel="nofollow">20695063</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photodermatology%2C+Photoimmunology+%26+Photomedicine&rft.atitle=Metal+oxide+sunscreens+protect+skin+by+absorption%2C+not+by+reflection+or+scattering&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-10&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.issn=0905-4383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20695063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26431814&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fphpp.12214&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft.au=Shyr%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Ou-Yang%2C+Hao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fphpp.12214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></link></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSchneiderLim2018">Schneider, Samantha L.; Lim, Henry W. (November 16, 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phpp.12439" rel="nofollow">"A review of inorganic UV filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide"</a></span>. <i>Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine</i>. <b>35</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">442–</span>446. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphpp.12439" rel="nofollow">10.1111/phpp.12439</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0905-4383" rel="nofollow">0905-4383</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30444533" rel="nofollow">30444533</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53562460" rel="nofollow">53562460</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photodermatology%2C+Photoimmunology+%26+Photomedicine&rft.atitle=A+review+of+inorganic+UV+filters+zinc+oxide+and+titanium+dioxide&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=442-446&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft.issn=0905-4383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53562460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30444533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fphpp.12439&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Samantha+L.&rft.au=Lim%2C+Henry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fphpp.12439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></link></span>
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<li id="cite_note-researchgate.net-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-researchgate.net_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-researchgate.net_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFDinardoDowns2021">Dinardo J, Downs C (April 2021). <a class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352061297" rel="nofollow">"Failure to Protect: Do Sunscreens Prevent Skin Cancer in Humans?"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Failure+to+Protect%3A+Do+Sunscreens+Prevent+Skin+Cancer+in+Humans%3F&rft.date=2021-04&rft.aulast=Dinardo&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Downs%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F352061297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></link></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKo2016">Ko SA (September 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://kindofstephen.com/physical-vs-chemical-sunscreens-myths/" rel="nofollow">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Physical" vs. "chemical" sunscreens and other sunscreen myths"</a>. <i>KindofStephen</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109211351/https://kindofstephen.com/physical-vs-chemical-sunscreens-myths/" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KindofStephen&rft.atitle=%22Physical%22+vs.+%22chemical%22+sunscreens+and+other+sunscreen+myths&rft.date=2016-09&rft.aulast=Ko&rft.aufirst=SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkindofstephen.com%2Fphysical-vs-chemical-sunscreens-myths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></link></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTianHuangCuiYang2021">Tian L, Huang L, Cui H, Yang F, Li Y (October 2021). "The toxicological impact of the sunscreen active ingredient octinoxate on the photosynthesis activity of Chlorella sp". <i>Marine Environmental Research</i>. <b>171</b> 105469. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MarER.17105469T" rel="nofollow">2021MarER.17105469T</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marenvres.2021.105469" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105469</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34500299" rel="nofollow">34500299</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237469500" rel="nofollow">237469500</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Environmental+Research&rft.atitle=The+toxicological+impact+of+the+sunscreen+active+ingredient+octinoxate+on+the+photosynthesis+activity+of+Chlorella+sp&rft.volume=171&rft.artnum=105469&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marenvres.2021.105469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237469500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34500299&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MarER.17105469T&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Huang%2C+L&rft.au=Cui%2C+H&rft.au=Yang%2C+F&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></link></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_banned_sunscreen_ingredients_an-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_banned_sunscreen_ingredients_an_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_banned_sunscreen_ingredients_an_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSuhPhamSmithMesinkovska2020">Suh S, Pham C, Smith J, Mesinkovska NA (September 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7648445" rel="nofollow">"The banned sunscreen ingredients and their impact on human health: a systematic review"</a>. <i>International Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>59</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1033–</span>1042. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fijd.14824" rel="nofollow">10.1111/ijd.14824</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7648445" rel="nofollow">7648445</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32108942" rel="nofollow">32108942</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=The+banned+sunscreen+ingredients+and+their+impact+on+human+health%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1033-1042&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7648445%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32108942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fijd.14824&rft.aulast=Suh&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Pham%2C+C&rft.au=Smith%2C+J&rft.au=Mesinkovska%2C+NA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7648445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></link></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFChatzigianniPavlouSiamidiVlachou2022">Chatzigianni M, Pavlou P, Siamidi A, Vlachou M, Varvaresou A, Papageorgiou S (November 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9652235" rel="nofollow">"Environmental impacts due to the use of sunscreen products: a mini-review"</a>. <i>Ecotoxicology</i>. <b>31</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1331–</span>1345. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Ecotx..31.1331C" rel="nofollow">2022Ecotx..31.1331C</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10646-022-02592-w" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s10646-022-02592-w</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9652235" rel="nofollow">9652235</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36173495" rel="nofollow">36173495</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecotoxicology&rft.atitle=Environmental+impacts+due+to+the+use+of+sunscreen+products%3A+a+mini-review&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1331-1345&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9652235%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36173495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10646-022-02592-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Ecotx..31.1331C&rft.aulast=Chatzigianni&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Pavlou%2C+P&rft.au=Siamidi%2C+A&rft.au=Vlachou%2C+M&rft.au=Varvaresou%2C+A&rft.au=Papageorgiou%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9652235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFRandrianarivonyRakotoariveloRandriamalala2022">Randrianarivony TN, Rakotoarivelo NH, Randriamalala JR (November 15, 2022), "Ethnobotany of Madagascar", <i>The New Natural History of Madagascar</i>, Princeton University Press, p. 237, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv2ks6tbb.34" rel="nofollow">10.2307/j.ctv2ks6tbb.34</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22940-9"><bdi>978-0-691-22940-9</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Natural+History+of+Madagascar&rft.atitle=Ethnobotany+of+Madagascar&rft.pages=237&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv2ks6tbb.34&rft.isbn=978-0-691-22940-9&rft.aulast=Randrianarivony&rft.aufirst=TN&rft.au=Rakotoarivelo%2C+NH&rft.au=Randriamalala%2C+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFMiora2020">Miora (September 6, 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://www.madavoyages.com/le-masque-au-santal" rel="nofollow">"Le masque au Santal"</a>. <i>Mada Voyages</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mada+Voyages&rft.atitle=Le+masque+au+Santal&rft.date=2020-09-06&rft.au=Miora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madavoyages.com%2Fle-masque-au-santal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Home, E. (1821). On the Black Rete Mucosum of the Negro, Being a Defense against the Scorching Effect of the Sun’s Rays. Philosophical transactions of the Royal, 111(1), 1–6.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDrissiCarrHousewright2022">Drissi, Madeeha; Carr, Emily; Housewright, Chad (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8682817" rel="nofollow">"Sunscreen: a brief walk through history"</a>. <i>Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>123. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2021.1966602" rel="nofollow">10.1080/08998280.2021.1966602</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8280" rel="nofollow">0899-8280</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8682817" rel="nofollow">8682817</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34970060" rel="nofollow">34970060</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+%28Baylor+University.+Medical+Center%29&rft.atitle=Sunscreen%3A+a+brief+walk+through+history&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-123&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8682817%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0899-8280&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34970060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08998280.2021.1966602&rft.aulast=Drissi&rft.aufirst=Madeeha&rft.au=Carr%2C+Emily&rft.au=Housewright%2C+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8682817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The History of Sun Protection: New Findings and Old Myths Stanzl, Klaus SOFW-Journal 2021 (147). S. 36-43</span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hausser, K. W., & Vahle, W. (1921). Die Abhängigkeit des Lichterythems und der Pigmentbildung von der Schwingungszahl (Wellenlänge) der erregenden Strahlung. Strahlentherapie, 13, 47–71</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lim_2004-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lim_2004_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim_2004_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim_2004_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim_2004_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLimThomasRigel2004">Lim HW, Thomas L, Rigel DS (January 30, 2004). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RvCINU2hOHAC&q=milton+blake+sunscreen&pg=PA74" rel="nofollow">"Photoprotection"</a>. In Rigel DS, Weiss RA, Lim HW, Dover JS (eds.). <i>Photoaging</i>. CRC Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>74. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5209-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5209-5"><bdi>978-0-8247-5209-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Photoprotection&rft.btitle=Photoaging&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-5209-5&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=HW&rft.au=Thomas%2C+L&rft.au=Rigel%2C+DS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRvCINU2hOHAC%26q%3Dmilton%2Bblake%2Bsunscreen%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRigelWeissLimDover2004">Rigel DS, Weiss RA, Lim HW, Dover JS, eds. (January 30, 2004). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RvCINU2hOHAC" rel="nofollow"><i>Photoaging</i></a>. CRC Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5209-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5209-5"><bdi>978-0-8247-5209-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photoaging&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-5209-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRvCINU2hOHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2014/07/23/4051703.htm" rel="nofollow">"7 Wonders of South Australia winners: Innovations - ABC (none) - Australian Broadcasting Corporation"</a>. <i>www.abc.net.au</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915024051/https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2014/07/23/4051703.htm" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abc.net.au&rft.atitle=7+Wonders+of+South+Australia+winners%3A+Innovations+-+ABC+%28none%29+-+Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Flocal%2Fstories%2F2014%2F07%2F23%2F4051703.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.hamiltonsunandskin.com.au/history-of-hamilton" rel="nofollow">"History Of Hamilton"</a>. <i>Hamilton</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185940/https://www.hamiltonsunandskin.com.au/history-of-hamilton" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamilton&rft.atitle=History+Of+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hamiltonsunandskin.com.au%2Fhistory-of-hamilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merkel, E., & Wiegand, C. (1938). Light Filter Paten Nr.2,104,492</span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farbenindustrie Akt.-Ges., I. G. (1939). Strahlungsschutzmittel Patent Nr. DE 676 103</span>
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<li id="cite_note-lim-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lim_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lim_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lim_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lim_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" id="CITEREFLim">Lim HW. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414193648/http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/sun-protection/sunscreen/Quantum-Leaps-New-Improved-Sunscreens-Have-Arrived" rel="nofollow">"Quantum Leaps: New, Improved Sunscreens Have Arrived"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/The_Skin_Cancer_Foundation" title="The Skin Cancer Foundation">The Skin Cancer Foundation</a>. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quantum+Leaps%3A+New%2C+Improved+Sunscreens+Have+Arrived&rft.pub=The+Skin+Cancer+Foundation&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=HW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skincancer.org%2Fprevention%2Fsun-protection%2Fsunscreen%2FQuantum-Leaps-New-Improved-Sunscreens-Have-Arrived&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFWangHu">Wang SQ, Hu JY. <a class="external text" href="http://www.skincancer.org/publications/the-melanoma-letter/summer-2012-vol-30-no-2/effective-sunscreen" rel="nofollow">"Challenges in Making an Effective Sunscreen"</a>. The Skin Cancer Foundation. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627205141/http://www.skincancer.org/publications/the-melanoma-letter/summer-2012-vol-30-no-2/effective-sunscreen" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Challenges+in+Making+an+Effective+Sunscreen&rft.pub=The+Skin+Cancer+Foundation&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=SQ&rft.au=Hu%2C+JY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skincancer.org%2Fpublications%2Fthe-melanoma-letter%2Fsummer-2012-vol-30-no-2%2Feffective-sunscreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMaceachernJillson1964">Maceachern WN, Jillson OF (January 1964). "A Practical Sunscreen -- "RED VET PET"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Archives of Dermatology</i>. <b>89</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>150. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchderm.1964.01590250153027" rel="nofollow">10.1001/archderm.1964.01590250153027</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14070829" rel="nofollow">14070829</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=A+Practical+Sunscreen+--+%22RED+VET+PET%22&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=147-150&rft.date=1964-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchderm.1964.01590250153027&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14070829&rft.aulast=Maceachern&rft.aufirst=WN&rft.au=Jillson%2C+OF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Shaath-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaath_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFShaath2005">Shaath NA, ed. (2005). <i>Sunscreens: Regulations and Commercial Development, Third Edition</i>. Taylor & Francis Group.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunscreens%3A+Regulations+and+Commercial+Development%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/24/fashion/24skinside.html" rel="nofollow">"Sunscreen: A History"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 23, 2010. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111205356/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/24/fashion/24skinside.html" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sunscreen%3A+A+History&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F06%2F24%2Ffashion%2F24skinside.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100512061324/http://www.pizbuin.com/v1/en/brand_story.html" rel="nofollow">"Gletscher Crème"</a>. <i>2010-04-22</i>. Piz Buin. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.pizbuin.com/v1/en/brand_story.html" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on May 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2010-04-22&rft.atitle=Gletscher+Cr%C3%A8me&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pizbuin.com%2Fv1%2Fen%2Fbrand_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLimHönigsmannHawk2007">Lim HW, Hönigsmann H, Hawk JL, eds. (2007). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-YCKEPYMpYC&pg=PA6" rel="nofollow"><i>Photodermatology</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 6. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420019964" title="Special:BookSources/9781420019964"><bdi>9781420019964</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photodermatology&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781420019964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-YCKEPYMpYC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFScheeleSutterKaratumDanley-Thomson2023">Scheele A, Sutter K, Karatum O, Danley-Thomson AA, Redfern LK (March 2023). "Environmental impacts of the ultraviolet filter oxybenzone". <i>The Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>863</b> 160966. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ScTEn.86360966S" rel="nofollow">2023ScTEn.86360966S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2022.160966" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160966</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36535482" rel="nofollow">36535482</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254818408" rel="nofollow">254818408</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Environmental+impacts+of+the+ultraviolet+filter+oxybenzone&rft.volume=863&rft.artnum=160966&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2022.160966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254818408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36535482&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ScTEn.86360966S&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Sutter%2C+K&rft.au=Karatum%2C+O&rft.au=Danley-Thomson%2C+AA&rft.au=Redfern%2C+LK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFResearch2022">Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (December 16, 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924153231/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/update-sunscreen-requirements-deemed-final-order-and-proposed-order" rel="nofollow">"An update on sunscreen requirements: The deemed final order and the proposed order"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/update-sunscreen-requirements-deemed-final-order-and-proposed-order" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on September 24, 2021.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=An+update+on+sunscreen+requirements%3A+The+deemed+final+order+and+the+proposed+order&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft.aulast=Research&rft.aufirst=Center+for+Drug+Evaluation+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdrugs%2Fnews-events-human-drugs%2Fupdate-sunscreen-requirements-deemed-final-order-and-proposed-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SunM-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SunM_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKanavyGerstenblith2011">Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR (December 2011). "Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma". <i>Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery</i>. <b>30</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">222–</span>228. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sder.2011.08.003" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003</a> (inactive July 1, 2025). <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22123420" rel="nofollow">22123420</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Cutaneous+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+radiation+and+melanoma&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=222-228&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sder.2011.08.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22123420&rft.aulast=Kanavy&rft.aufirst=HE&rft.au=Gerstenblith%2C+MR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_July_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WCR2014-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>World Cancer Report 2014</i>. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.14. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9283204299" title="Special:BookSources/978-9283204299"><bdi>978-9283204299</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Cancer+Report+2014.&rft.pages=Chapter+5.14&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9283204299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAzouryLange2014">Azoury SC, Lange JR (October 2014). "Epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, and early detection of melanoma". <i>The Surgical Clinics of North America</i>. <b>94</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">945–</span>62, vii. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.suc.2014.07.013" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.suc.2014.07.013</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25245960" rel="nofollow">25245960</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Surgical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Epidemiology%2C+risk+factors%2C+prevention%2C+and+early+detection+of+melanoma&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=945-62%2C+vii&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.suc.2014.07.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25245960&rft.aulast=Azoury&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Lange%2C+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SunS-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SunS_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBurnettWang2011">Burnett ME, Wang SQ (April 2011). "Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review". <i>Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">58–</span>67. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0781.2011.00557.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00557.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21392107" rel="nofollow">21392107</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29173997" rel="nofollow">29173997</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photodermatology%2C+Photoimmunology+%26+Photomedicine&rft.atitle=Current+sunscreen+controversies%3A+a+critical+review&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=58-67&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29173997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21392107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0781.2011.00557.x&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Wang%2C+SQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKüttingDrexler2010">Kütting B, Drexler H (December 2010). "UV-induced skin cancer at workplace and evidence-based prevention". <i>International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health</i>. <b>83</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">843–</span>854. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IAOEH..83..843K" rel="nofollow">2010IAOEH..83..843K</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00420-010-0532-4" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s00420-010-0532-4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20414668" rel="nofollow">20414668</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40870536" rel="nofollow">40870536</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Archives+of+Occupational+and+Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=UV-induced+skin+cancer+at+workplace+and+evidence-based+prevention&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=843-854&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00420-010-0532-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40870536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20414668&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010IAOEH..83..843K&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCtting&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Drexler%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-wrinkles-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wrinkles_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrinkles_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHughesWilliamsBakerGreen2013">Hughes MC, Williams GM, Baker P, Green AC (June 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1691732" rel="nofollow">"Sunscreen and prevention of skin aging: a randomized trial"</a></span>. <i>Annals of Internal Medicine</i>. <b>158</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">781–</span>790. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002" rel="nofollow">10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23732711" rel="nofollow">23732711</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12250745" rel="nofollow">12250745</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404204739/http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1691732" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Sunscreen+and+prevention+of+skin+aging%3A+a+randomized+trial&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=781-790&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12250745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23732711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Williams%2C+GM&rft.au=Baker%2C+P&rft.au=Green%2C+AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fannals.org%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D1691732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFRandhawaWangLeydenCula2016">Randhawa M, Wang S, Leyden JJ, Cula GO, Pagnoni A, Southall MD (December 2016). "Daily Use of a Facial Broad Spectrum Sunscreen Over One-Year Significantly Improves Clinical Evaluation of Photoaging". <i>Dermatologic Surgery</i>. <b>42</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1354–</span>1361. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FDSS.0000000000000879" rel="nofollow">10.1097/DSS.0000000000000879</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27749441" rel="nofollow">27749441</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37092409" rel="nofollow">37092409</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dermatologic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Daily+Use+of+a+Facial+Broad+Spectrum+Sunscreen+Over+One-Year+Significantly+Improves+Clinical+Evaluation+of+Photoaging&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1354-1361&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37092409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27749441&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FDSS.0000000000000879&rft.aulast=Randhawa&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Wang%2C+S&rft.au=Leyden%2C+JJ&rft.au=Cula%2C+GO&rft.au=Pagnoni%2C+A&rft.au=Southall%2C+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFDresbachBrown2008">Dresbach SH, Brown W (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512053158/http://ohioline.osu.edu/cd-fact/pdf/0199.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Ultraviolet Radiation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ohioline Fact Sheet Series</i>. Ohio State University Extension. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://ohioline.osu.edu/cd-fact/pdf/0199.pdf" rel="nofollow">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 12, 2008.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohioline+Fact+Sheet+Series&rft.atitle=Ultraviolet+Radiation&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Dresbach&rft.aufirst=SH&rft.au=Brown%2C+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohioline.osu.edu%2Fcd-fact%2Fpdf%2F0199.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSabzevariQiblawiNortonFivenson2020">Sabzevari, Nina; Qiblawi, Sultan; Norton, Scott A.; Fivenson, David (May 26, 2020). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7838247" rel="nofollow">"Sunscreens: UV filters to protect us: Part 1: Changing regulations and choices for optimal sun protection"</a>. <i>International Journal of Women's Dermatology</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>44. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijwd.2020.05.017" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.05.017</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7838247" rel="nofollow">7838247</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33537394" rel="nofollow">33537394</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Women%27s+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Sunscreens%3A+UV+filters+to+protect+us%3A+Part+1%3A+Changing+regulations+and+choices+for+optimal+sun+protection&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-44&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7838247%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33537394&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijwd.2020.05.017&rft.aulast=Sabzevari&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.au=Qiblawi%2C+Sultan&rft.au=Norton%2C+Scott+A.&rft.au=Fivenson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7838247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNorvalWulf2009">Norval M, Wulf HC (October 2009). "Does chronic sunscreen use reduce vitamin D production to insufficient levels?". <i>The British Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>161</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">732–</span>736. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2009.09332.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09332.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19663879" rel="nofollow">19663879</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12276606" rel="nofollow">12276606</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Does+chronic+sunscreen+use+reduce+vitamin+D+production+to+insufficient+levels%3F&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=732-736&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12276606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19663879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2009.09332.x&rft.aulast=Norval&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Wulf%2C+HC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHolick2004">Holick MF (December 2004). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1678S" rel="nofollow">"Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>80</b> (6 Suppl): <span class="nowrap">1678S –</span> <span class="nowrap">1688S</span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1678S" rel="nofollow">10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678S</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15585788" rel="nofollow">15585788</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Sunlight+and+vitamin+D+for+bone+health+and+prevention+of+autoimmune+diseases%2C+cancers%2C+and+cardiovascular+disease&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=6+Suppl&rft.pages=1678S+-+1688S&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F80.6.1678S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15585788&rft.aulast=Holick&rft.aufirst=MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fajcn%252F80.6.1678S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSayreDowdy2007">Sayre RM, Dowdy JC (2007). "Darkness at noon: sunscreens and vitamin D3". <i>Photochemistry and Photobiology</i>. <b>83</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">459–</span>463. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1562%2F2006-06-29-RC-956" rel="nofollow">10.1562/2006-06-29-RC-956</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17115796" rel="nofollow">17115796</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23767593" rel="nofollow">23767593</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photochemistry+and+Photobiology&rft.atitle=Darkness+at+noon%3A+sunscreens+and+vitamin+D3&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=459-463&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23767593%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17115796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1562%2F2006-06-29-RC-956&rft.aulast=Sayre&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Dowdy%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-d/" rel="nofollow">"Vitamin D"</a>. <i>nhs.uk</i>. October 23, 2017. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222112245/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-d/" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhs.uk&rft.atitle=Vitamin+D&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2Fvitamins-and-minerals%2Fvitamin-d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHolick2002">Holick MF (February 2002). "Vitamin D: the underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health". <i>Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>98. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00060793-200202000-00011" rel="nofollow">10.1097/00060793-200202000-00011</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87725403" rel="nofollow">87725403</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Endocrinology%2C+Diabetes+and+Obesity&rft.atitle=Vitamin+D%3A+the+underappreciated+D-lightful+hormone+that+is+important+for+skeletal+and+cellular+health&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-98&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00060793-200202000-00011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87725403%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holick&rft.aufirst=MF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHolick2002">Holick MF (September 2002). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1495109" rel="nofollow">"Sunlight and vitamin D: both good for cardiovascular health"</a>. <i>Journal of General Internal Medicine</i>. <b>17</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">733–</span>735. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1525-1497.2002.20731.x" rel="nofollow">10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.20731.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1495109" rel="nofollow">1495109</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12220371" rel="nofollow">12220371</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Sunlight+and+vitamin+D%3A+both+good+for+cardiovascular+health&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=733-735&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1495109%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12220371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1525-1497.2002.20731.x&rft.aulast=Holick&rft.aufirst=MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1495109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHolick2007">Holick MF (July 2007). "Vitamin D deficiency". <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>357</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">266–</span>281. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra070553" rel="nofollow">10.1056/NEJMra070553</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17634462" rel="nofollow">17634462</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18566028" rel="nofollow">18566028</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Vitamin+D+deficiency&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266-281&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18566028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17634462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra070553&rft.aulast=Holick&rft.aufirst=MF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.skincancer.org/blog/sun-protection-and-vitamin-d/#:~:text=UVB%20wavelengths%20happen%20to%20be,maintain%20their%20vitamin%20D%20levels." rel="nofollow">"Does Sunscreen Use Lead to Vitamin D Deficiency?"</a>. <i>The Skin Cancer Foundation</i>. March 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skin+Cancer+Foundation&rft.atitle=Does+Sunscreen+Use+Lead+to+Vitamin+D+Deficiency%3F&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skincancer.org%2Fblog%2Fsun-protection-and-vitamin-d%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DUVB%2520wavelengths%2520happen%2520to%2520be%2Cmaintain%2520their%2520vitamin%2520D%2520levels.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.genengnews.com/news/are-vitamin-d-levels-jeopardized-by-sunscreen/" rel="nofollow">"Are Vitamin D Levels Jeopardized by Sunscreen?"</a>. <i>GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News</i>. May 10, 2019. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002757/https://www.genengnews.com/news/are-vitamin-d-levels-jeopardized-by-sunscreen/" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GEN+-+Genetic+Engineering+and+Biotechnology+News&rft.atitle=Are+Vitamin+D+Levels+Jeopardized+by+Sunscreen%3F&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genengnews.com%2Fnews%2Fare-vitamin-d-levels-jeopardized-by-sunscreen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYoungNarbuttHarrisonLawrence2019">Young AR, Narbutt J, Harrison GI, Lawrence KP, Bell M, O'Connor C, et al. (November 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899952" rel="nofollow">"Optimal sunscreen use, during a sun holiday with a very high ultraviolet index, allows vitamin D synthesis without sunburn"</a>. <i>The British Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>181</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1052–</span>1062. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjd.17888" rel="nofollow">10.1111/bjd.17888</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899952" rel="nofollow">6899952</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31069787" rel="nofollow">31069787</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148570356" rel="nofollow">148570356</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Optimal+sunscreen+use%2C+during+a+sun+holiday+with+a+very+high+ultraviolet+index%2C+allows+vitamin+D+synthesis+without+sunburn&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1052-1062&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6899952%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148570356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31069787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbjd.17888&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Narbutt%2C+J&rft.au=Harrison%2C+GI&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+KP&rft.au=Bell%2C+M&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+C&rft.au=Olsen%2C+P&rft.au=Grys%2C+K&rft.au=Baczynska%2C+KA&rft.au=Rogowski-Tylman%2C+M&rft.au=Wulf%2C+HC&rft.au=Lesiak%2C+A&rft.au=Philipsen%2C+PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6899952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFStegeBuddeGrether-BeckRichard2002">Stege H, Budde M, Grether-Beck S, Richard A, Rougier A, Ruzicka T, Krutmann J (2002). "Sunscreens with high SPF values are not equivalent in protection from UVA induced polymorphous light eruption". <i>European Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>12</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">IV–</span>VI. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12118426" rel="nofollow">12118426</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Sunscreens+with+high+SPF+values+are+not+equivalent+in+protection+from+UVA+induced+polymorphous+light+eruption&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=IV-VI&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12118426&rft.aulast=Stege&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Budde%2C+M&rft.au=Grether-Beck%2C+S&rft.au=Richard%2C+A&rft.au=Rougier%2C+A&rft.au=Ruzicka%2C+T&rft.au=Krutmann%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHaywoodWardmanSandersLinge2003">Haywood R, Wardman P, Sanders R, Linge C (October 2003). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1747.2003.12498.x" rel="nofollow">"Sunscreens inadequately protect against ultraviolet-A-induced free radicals in skin: implications for skin aging and melanoma?"</a>. <i>The Journal of Investigative Dermatology</i>. <b>121</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">862–</span>868. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1747.2003.12498.x" rel="nofollow">10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12498.x</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14632206" rel="nofollow">14632206</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Investigative+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Sunscreens+inadequately+protect+against+ultraviolet-A-induced+free+radicals+in+skin%3A+implications+for+skin+aging+and+melanoma%3F&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=862-868&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-1747.2003.12498.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14632206&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Wardman%2C+P&rft.au=Sanders%2C+R&rft.au=Linge%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1523-1747.2003.12498.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMoyalFourtanier2008">Moyal DD, Fourtanier AM (May 2008). "Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide better protection from solar ultraviolet-simulated radiation and natural sunlight-induced immunosuppression in human beings". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</i>. <b>58</b> (5 Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">S149 –</span> <span class="nowrap">S154</span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2007.04.035" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.035</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410801" rel="nofollow">18410801</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Broad-spectrum+sunscreens+provide+better+protection+from+solar+ultraviolet-simulated+radiation+and+natural+sunlight-induced+immunosuppression+in+human+beings&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=5+Suppl+2&rft.pages=S149+-+S154&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2007.04.035&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18410801&rft.aulast=Moyal&rft.aufirst=DD&rft.au=Fourtanier%2C+AM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBerneburgPlettenbergMedve-KönigPfahlberg2004">Berneburg M, Plettenberg H, Medve-König K, Pfahlberg A, Gers-Barlag H, Gefeller O, Krutmann J (May 2004). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22502.x" rel="nofollow">"Induction of the photoaging-associated mitochondrial common deletion in vivo in normal human skin"</a>. <i>The Journal of Investigative Dermatology</i>. <b>122</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1277–</span>1283. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22502.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22502.x</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15140232" rel="nofollow">15140232</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Investigative+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Induction+of+the+photoaging-associated+mitochondrial+common+deletion+in+vivo+in+normal+human+skin&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1277-1283&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22502.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15140232&rft.aulast=Berneburg&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Plettenberg%2C+H&rft.au=Medve-K%C3%B6nig%2C+K&rft.au=Pfahlberg%2C+A&rft.au=Gers-Barlag%2C+H&rft.au=Gefeller%2C+O&rft.au=Krutmann%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0022-202X.2004.22502.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12081374" rel="nofollow">"Sunscreen makers sued for misleading claims"</a>. Associated Press. April 24, 2006. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608221941/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12081374/" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sunscreen+makers+sued+for+misleading+claims&rft.date=2006-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna12081374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPinnellFairhurstGilliesMitchnick2000">Pinnell SR, Fairhurst D, Gillies R, Mitchnick MA, Kollias N (April 2000). "Microfine zinc oxide is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide". <i>Dermatologic Surgery</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">309–</span>314. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1524-4725.2000.99237.x" rel="nofollow">10.1046/j.1524-4725.2000.99237.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10759815" rel="nofollow">10759815</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39864876" rel="nofollow">39864876</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dermatologic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Microfine+zinc+oxide+is+a+superior+sunscreen+ingredient+to+microfine+titanium+dioxide&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-314&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39864876%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10759815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1524-4725.2000.99237.x&rft.aulast=Pinnell&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Fairhurst%2C+D&rft.au=Gillies%2C+R&rft.au=Mitchnick%2C+MA&rft.au=Kollias%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-qa2007-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qa2007_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qa2007_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921135529/https://www.fda.gov/CDER/drug/infopage/sunscreen/qa.htm" rel="nofollow">"Questions and Answers on the 2007 Sunscreen Proposed Rule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/sunscreen/qa.htm" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on September 21, 2008.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Questions+and+Answers+on+the+2007+Sunscreen+Proposed+Rule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fcder%2Fdrug%2Finfopage%2Fsunscreen%2Fqa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Health_and_Human_Services:_Food_and_Drug_Administration2011">Department of Health and Human Services: Food and Drug Administration (June 17, 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222152537/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Over-the-CounterOTCDrugs/StatusofOTCRulemakings/UCM313542.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Revised Effectiveness Determination; Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i>. <b>76</b> (117): <span class="nowrap">35672–</span>35678. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Over-the-CounterOTCDrugs/StatusofOTCRulemakings/UCM313542.pdf" rel="nofollow">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Revised+Effectiveness+Determination%3B+Sunscreen+Drug+Products+for+Over-the-Counter+Human+Use&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=117&rft.pages=35672-35678&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft.au=Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services%3A+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdownloads%2FDrugs%2FDevelopmentApprovalProcess%2FDevelopmentResources%2FOver-the-CounterOTCDrugs%2FStatusofOTCRulemakings%2FUCM313542.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMoyal2008">Moyal D (June 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576849" rel="nofollow">"How to measure UVA protection afforded by sunscreen products"</a></span>. <i>Expert Review of Dermatology</i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">307–</span>13. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1586%2F17469872.3.3.307" rel="nofollow">10.1586/17469872.3.3.307</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713165717/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/576849" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Review+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=How+to+measure+UVA+protection+afforded+by+sunscreen+products.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-13&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1586%2F17469872.3.3.307&rft.aulast=Moyal&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F576849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a class="external text" href="http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2014/07/what-to-know-about-sunscreen-before-buying-it/" rel="nofollow">"What to Know About Sunscreen Before Buying It"</a>. <i>Consumer Reports</i>. May 2014. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012144703/https://www.consumerreports.org/sun-protection/get-the-best-sun-protection/" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Reports&rft.atitle=What+to+Know+About+Sunscreen+Before+Buying+It&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumerreports.org%2Fcro%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F07%2Fwhat-to-know-about-sunscreen-before-buying-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-squared-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-squared_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-squared_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFaurschouWulf2007">Faurschou A, Wulf HC (April 2007). "The relation between sun protection factor and amount of suncreen [<i>sic</i>] applied in vivo". <i>The British Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>156</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">716–</span>719. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2006.07684.x" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07684.x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17493070" rel="nofollow">17493070</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22599824" rel="nofollow">22599824</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=The+relation+between+sun+protection+factor+and+amount+of+suncreen%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+applied+in+vivo&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=716-719&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22599824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17493070&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2006.07684.x&rft.aulast=Faurschou&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Wulf%2C+HC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609221030/http://www.colipa.com/site/index.cfm?SID=15588&OBJ=28546&back=1" rel="nofollow">"Method for the in vitro determination of uva protection provided by sunscreen products, 2007a"</a>. <i>www.colipa.com</i>. June 9, 2008. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.colipa.com/site/index.cfm?SID=15588&OBJ=28546&back=1" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on June 9, 2008.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.colipa.com&rft.atitle=Method+for+the+in+vitro+determination+of+uva+protection+provided+by+sunscreen+products%2C+2007a&rft.date=2008-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colipa.com%2Fsite%2Findex.cfm%3FSID%3D15588%26OBJ%3D28546%26back%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114843/https://www.cosmeticseurope.eu/using-cosmetics-colipa-the-european-cosmetic-cosmetics-association/sun-products/the-european-commission-recommendation-on-the-efficacy-of-sunscreen-products.html" rel="nofollow">"www.cosmeticseurope.eu"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.cosmeticseurope.eu/using-cosmetics-colipa-the-european-cosmetic-cosmetics-association/sun-products/the-european-commission-recommendation-on-the-efficacy-of-sunscreen-products.html" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on August 26, 2014.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.cosmeticseurope.eu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmeticseurope.eu%2Fusing-cosmetics-colipa-the-european-cosmetic-cosmetics-association%2Fsun-products%2Fthe-european-commission-recommendation-on-the-efficacy-of-sunscreen-products.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114162137/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-fda-commissioner-scott-gottlieb-md-new-fda-actions-keep-consumers-safe-harmful-effects-sun" rel="nofollow">"Press Announcements - Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on new FDA actions to keep consumers safe from the harmful effects of sun exposure, and ensure the long-term safety and benefits of sunscreens"</a>. <i>www.fda.gov</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm608499.htm" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on November 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fda.gov&rft.atitle=Press+Announcements+-+Statement+from+FDA+Commissioner+Scott+Gottlieb%2C+M.D.%2C+on+new+FDA+actions+to+keep+consumers+safe+from+the+harmful+effects+of+sun+exposure%2C+and+ensure+the+long-term+safety+and+benefits+of+sunscreens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnewsevents%2Fnewsroom%2Fpressannouncements%2Fucm608499.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBC_News-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50963080" rel="nofollow">"Palau is first country to ban 'reef toxic' sun cream"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. January 1, 2020. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127145518/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50963080" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Palau+is+first+country+to+ban+%27reef+toxic%27+sun+cream&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-50963080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Health_and_Human_Services:_Food_and_Drug_Administration2012">Department of Health and Human Services: Food and Drug Administration (May 11, 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-11/pdf/2012-11390.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Delay of Compliance Dates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal Register</i>. <b>77</b> (92): <span class="nowrap">27591–</span>27593. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710130043/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-11/pdf/2012-11390.pdf" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Sunscreen+Drug+Products+for+Over-the-Counter+Human+Use%3B+Delay+of+Compliance+Dates&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=92&rft.pages=27591-27593&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft.au=Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services%3A+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FFR-2012-05-11%2Fpdf%2F2012-11390.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNarlaLim2020">Narla S, Lim HW (January 2020). "Sunscreen: FDA regulation, and environmental and health impact". <i>Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>70. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PhPhS..19...66N" rel="nofollow">2020PhPhS..19...66N</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc9pp00366e" rel="nofollow">10.1039/c9pp00366e</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31845952" rel="nofollow">31845952</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209388568" rel="nofollow">209388568</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photochemical+%26+Photobiological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Sunscreen%3A+FDA+regulation%2C+and+environmental+and+health+impact&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-70&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc9pp00366e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209388568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31845952&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PhPhS..19...66N&rft.aulast=Narla&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Lim%2C+HW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pirotta_2020-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pirotta_2020_157-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPirotta2020">Pirotta G (2020). "Sunscreen Regulation in the World". <i>Sunscreens in Coastal Ecosystems</i>. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 94. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>35. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F698_2019_440" rel="nofollow">10.1007/698_2019_440</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-56076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-56076-8"><bdi>978-3-030-56076-8</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219055314" rel="nofollow">219055314</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sunscreen+Regulation+in+the+World&rft.btitle=Sunscreens+in+Coastal+Ecosystems&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=The+Handbook+of+Environmental+Chemistry&rft.pages=15-35&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219055314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F698_2019_440&rft.isbn=978-3-030-56076-8&rft.aulast=Pirotta&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFSchwartz2019">Schwartz, Matthew (February 6, 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/02/06/691913378/key-west-votes-to-ban-popular-sunscreen-ingredients-to-protect-coral-reef" rel="nofollow">"Key West To Ban Popular Sunscreen Ingredients To Protect Coral Reef"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Npr" title="Npr">npr</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npr&rft.atitle=Key+West+To+Ban+Popular+Sunscreen+Ingredients+To+Protect+Coral+Reef&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F02%2F06%2F691913378%2Fkey-west-votes-to-ban-popular-sunscreen-ingredients-to-protect-coral-reef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFAllen2019">Allen, Karma (June 27, 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/lawmakers-us-virgin-islands-approve-bill-banning-sunscreen/story?id=63976078" rel="nofollow">"Lawmakers in US Virgin Islands approve bill banning certain sunscreen ingredients"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Lawmakers+in+US+Virgin+Islands+approve+bill+banning+certain+sunscreen+ingredients&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Karma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Flawmakers-us-virgin-islands-approve-bill-banning-sunscreen%2Fstory%3Fid%3D63976078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46046064" rel="nofollow">"Coral: Palau to ban sunscreen products to protect reefs"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. November 1, 2018. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122223903/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46046064" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Coral%3A+Palau+to+ban+sunscreen+products+to+protect+reefs&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-46046064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-San2014-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-San2014_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSánchez-QuilesTovar-Sánchez2014">Sánchez-Quiles D, Tovar-Sánchez A (August 2014). "Sunscreens as a source of hydrogen peroxide production in coastal waters". <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>. <b>48</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">9037–</span>9042. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EnST...48.9037S" rel="nofollow">2014EnST...48.9037S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes5020696" rel="nofollow">10.1021/es5020696</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F103567" rel="nofollow">10261/103567</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25069004" rel="nofollow">25069004</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Sunscreens+as+a+source+of+hydrogen+peroxide+production+in+coastal+waters&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=9037-9042&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F103567&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25069004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes5020696&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EnST...48.9037S&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez-Quiles&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Tovar-S%C3%A1nchez%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDanovaroCorinaldesi2003">Danovaro R, Corinaldesi C (February 2003). "Sunscreen products increase virus production through prophage induction in marine bacterioplankton". <i>Microbial Ecology</i>. <b>45</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>118. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MicEc..45..109D" rel="nofollow">2003MicEc..45..109D</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00248-002-1033-0" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s00248-002-1033-0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12545312" rel="nofollow">12545312</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11379801" rel="nofollow">11379801</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Sunscreen+products+increase+virus+production+through+prophage+induction+in+marine+bacterioplankton&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-118&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00248-002-1033-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11379801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12545312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003MicEc..45..109D&rft.aulast=Danovaro&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Corinaldesi%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDanovaroBongiorniCorinaldesiGiovannelli2008">Danovaro R, Bongiorni L, Corinaldesi C, Giovannelli D, Damiani E, Astolfi P, et al. (April 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2291018" rel="nofollow">"Sunscreens cause coral bleaching by promoting viral infections"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>116</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">441–</span>447. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EnvHP.116..441D" rel="nofollow">2008EnvHP.116..441D</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.10966" rel="nofollow">10.1289/ehp.10966</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2291018" rel="nofollow">2291018</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18414624" rel="nofollow">18414624</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Sunscreens+cause+coral+bleaching+by+promoting+viral+infections&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=441-447&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2291018%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18414624&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.10966&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EnvHP.116..441D&rft.aulast=Danovaro&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Bongiorni%2C+L&rft.au=Corinaldesi%2C+C&rft.au=Giovannelli%2C+D&rft.au=Damiani%2C+E&rft.au=Astolfi%2C+P&rft.au=Greci%2C+L&rft.au=Pusceddu%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2291018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAdlerDeLeo2020">Adler BL, DeLeo VA (March 1, 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-020-00284-4" rel="nofollow">"Sunscreen Safety: a Review of Recent Studies on Humans and the Environment"</a></span>. <i>Current Dermatology Reports</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13671-020-00284-4" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s13671-020-00284-4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2162-4933" rel="nofollow">2162-4933</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210671200" rel="nofollow">210671200</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Dermatology+Reports&rft.atitle=Sunscreen+Safety%3A+a+Review+of+Recent+Studies+on+Humans+and+the+Environment&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210671200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2162-4933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13671-020-00284-4&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=BL&rft.au=DeLeo%2C+VA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs13671-020-00284-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDengEdiriwickremaYangLewis2015">Deng Y, Ediriwickrema A, Yang F, Lewis J, Girardi M, Saltzman WM (December 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4654636" rel="nofollow">"A sunblock based on bioadhesive nanoparticles"</a>. <i>Nature Materials</i>. <b>14</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1278–</span>1285. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatMa..14.1278D" rel="nofollow">2015NatMa..14.1278D</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat4422" rel="nofollow">10.1038/nmat4422</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4654636" rel="nofollow">4654636</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26413985" rel="nofollow">26413985</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Materials&rft.atitle=A+sunblock+based+on+bioadhesive+nanoparticles&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1278-1285&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4654636%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26413985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmat4422&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatMa..14.1278D&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Ediriwickrema%2C+A&rft.au=Yang%2C+F&rft.au=Lewis%2C+J&rft.au=Girardi%2C+M&rft.au=Saltzman%2C+WM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4654636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHorburyHoltMouterdeBalaguer2019">Horbury MD, Holt EL, Mouterde LM, Balaguer P, Cebrián J, Blasco L, et al. (October 2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6802189" rel="nofollow">"Towards symmetry driven and nature inspired UV filter design"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>10</b> (1) 4748. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10.4748H" rel="nofollow">2019NatCo..10.4748H</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12719-z" rel="nofollow">10.1038/s41467-019-12719-z</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6802189" rel="nofollow">6802189</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31628301" rel="nofollow">31628301</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204757709" rel="nofollow">204757709</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Towards+symmetry+driven+and+nature+inspired+UV+filter+design&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.artnum=4748&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6802189%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204757709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCo..10.4748H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31628301&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12719-z&rft.aulast=Horbury&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Holt%2C+EL&rft.au=Mouterde%2C+LM&rft.au=Balaguer%2C+P&rft.au=Cebri%C3%A1n%2C+J&rft.au=Blasco%2C+L&rft.au=Allais%2C+F&rft.au=Stavros%2C+VG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6802189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTortiniZiosiCesaMolesini2022">Tortini, Guido; Ziosi, Paola; Cesa, Elena; Molesini, Sonia; Baldini, Erika; De Lucia, Daniela; Rossi, Caterina; Durini, Elisa; Vertuani, Silvia; Manfredini, Stefano (June 2022). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcosmetics9030056" rel="nofollow">"Criticisms in the Development of High-Protection and Broad-Spectrum "Natural/Organic" Certifiable Sunscreen"</a>. <i>Cosmetics</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 56. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcosmetics9030056" rel="nofollow">10.3390/cosmetics9030056</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11392%2F2496193" rel="nofollow">11392/2496193</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2079-9284" rel="nofollow">2079-9284</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cosmetics&rft.atitle=Criticisms+in+the+Development+of+High-Protection+and+Broad-Spectrum+%22Natural%2FOrganic%22+Certifiable+Sunscreen&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11392%2F2496193&rft.issn=2079-9284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fcosmetics9030056&rft.aulast=Tortini&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft.au=Ziosi%2C+Paola&rft.au=Cesa%2C+Elena&rft.au=Molesini%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Baldini%2C+Erika&rft.au=De+Lucia%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Caterina&rft.au=Durini%2C+Elisa&rft.au=Vertuani%2C+Silvia&rft.au=Manfredini%2C+Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fcosmetics9030056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunscreen"></span></span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"><img alt="" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1376" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="40" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" width="30"/></a></span></div>
|
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a class="extiw" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sunscreening_agents" title="commons:Category:Sunscreening agents">Sunscreening agents</a></span>.</div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/whats-deal-with-sunscreen-does-it-work-or-not" rel="nofollow">Does it work, or not?</a> – illustrated explanation of how UV light is absorbed by chemicals in sunscreen from <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)"><i>Wired</i></a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="external text" href="https://thedermreview.com/sunscreen-survey" rel="nofollow">56% of Americans Rarely or Never Use Sunscreen</a> – A survey conducted about the sunscreen habits of modern Americans.</li>
|
||
<li><a class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2025/07/animal-sunscreen/683611/" rel="nofollow">Should You Sunscreen Your Cat?</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, July 21, 2025</li></ul>
|
||
<div class="navbox-styles"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/></div><div aria-labelledby="Sunscreening_agents_approved_by_the_US_FDA_or_other_agencies281" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunscreening_agents" title="Template:Sunscreening agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunscreening_agents" title="Template talk:Sunscreening agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunscreening_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunscreening agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sunscreening_agents_approved_by_the_US_FDA_or_other_agencies281" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sunscreening agents</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">US FDA</a> or other agencies</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a>A: 400–315 nm</li>
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<li>UVB: 315–290 nm</li>
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<li><i>Chemical agents unless otherwise noted</i></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">UVA filters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avobenzone" title="Avobenzone">Avobenzone (Parsol 1789)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Bisdisulizole_disodium" title="Bisdisulizole disodium">Bisdisulizole disodium (Neo Heliopan AP)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Diethylamino_hydroxybenzoyl_hexyl_benzoate" title="Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate">Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (Uvinul A Plus)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecamsule" title="Ecamsule">Ecamsule (Mexoryl SX)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Menthyl_anthranilate" title="Menthyl anthranilate">Menthyl anthranilate</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">UVB filters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiloxate" title="Amiloxate">Amiloxate</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/4-Aminobenzoic_acid" title="4-Aminobenzoic acid">4-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinoxate" title="Cinoxate">Cinoxate</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylhexyl_triazone" title="Ethylhexyl triazone">Ethylhexyl triazone (Uvinul T 150)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Homosalate" title="Homosalate">Homosalate</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Enzacamene" title="Enzacamene">4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (Enzacamene)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Octyl_methoxycinnamate" title="Octyl methoxycinnamate">Octyl methoxycinnamate (Octinoxate)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Octyl_salicylate" title="Octyl salicylate">Octyl salicylate (Octisalate)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Padimate_O" title="Padimate O">Padimate O (Escalol 507)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Ensulizole" title="Ensulizole">Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (Ensulizole)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Polysilicone-15" title="Polysilicone-15">Polysilicone-15 (Parsol SLX)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Trolamine_salicylate" title="Trolamine salicylate">Trolamine salicylate</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">UVA+UVB filters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bemotrizinol" title="Bemotrizinol">Bemotrizinol (Tinosorb S)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Benzophenone-n" title="Benzophenone-n">Benzophenones 1–12</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Dioxybenzone" title="Dioxybenzone">Dioxybenzone</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Drometrizole_trisiloxane" title="Drometrizole trisiloxane">Drometrizole trisiloxane (Mexoryl XL)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Iscotrizinol" title="Iscotrizinol">Iscotrizinol (Uvasorb HEB)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Octocrylene" title="Octocrylene">Octocrylene</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxybenzone" title="Oxybenzone">Oxybenzone (Eusolex 4360)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulisobenzone" title="Sulisobenzone">Sulisobenzone</a></li>
|
||
<li><i>Hybrid (chemical/physical):</i> <a href="/wiki/Bisoctrizole" title="Bisoctrizole">Bisoctrizole (Tinosorb M / Eversorb M)</a></li>
|
||
<li><i>Physical:</i>
|
||
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">See also: <a href="/wiki/Photoprotection" title="Photoprotection">Photoprotection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_protective_clothing" title="Sun protective clothing">Sun protective clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">Sun tanning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<div class="navbox-styles"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/></div><div aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827658#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1403" class="navbox authority-control" role="navigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827658#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1403" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827658#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" decoding="async" height="10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" width="10"/></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90000649" rel="nofollow">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Produits antisolaires"><a class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122589336" rel="nofollow">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Produits antisolaires"><a class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122589336" rel="nofollow">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="opalovací krémy"><a class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118199&CON_LNG=ENG" rel="nofollow">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007546536805171" rel="nofollow">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/27859e72-cf41-4983-b036-e7ce390dad18" rel="nofollow">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&oldid=1308744471">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunscreen&oldid=1308744471</a>"</div></div>
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<div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sunscreening_agents" title="Category:Sunscreening agents">Sunscreening agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_inventions" title="Category:Australian inventions">Australian inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Skin_care" title="Category:Skin care">Skin care</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Over-the-counter_drugs_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Over-the-counter drugs in the United States">Over-the-counter drugs in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden" id="mw-hidden-catlinks">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_July_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_June_2015" title="Category:Use mdy dates from June 2015">Use mdy dates from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_words,_phrases_or_quotes_attributed" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed">All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_words,_phrases_or_quotes_attributed_from_September_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from September 2016">Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2023">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from January 2018">Articles to be expanded from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_articles_needing_expert_attention" title="Category:Environment articles needing expert attention">Environment articles needing expert attention</a></li></ul></div></div>
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